The Racism in Othello Essays -- Othello essays Shakespeare

The Racism in Othello Throughout the duration of Shakespeares tragedy, Othello, thither is a steady stream of racism. It is originating from not one, but rather several characters in the play. In the opening scene, while Iago is expressing his dislike, rather hatred, for the general Othello for his having chosen Michael Cassio for the lieutenancy, he contrives a plan to partially avenge himself (I follow him to serve my turn upon him), with Roderigos assistance, by alerting Desdemonas father, Brabantio, to the fact of his daughters elopement with Othello. Roderigo shares Iagos prejudiced attitude toward Othello What a full fortune does the thicklips owe / If he can carryt thus The word thicklips is a disparaging reference to a facial characteristic of many members of the black race. When, by loud shouting, Brabantio is awakened, Iago commences with a series of racial epithets Zounds, sir, youre robbd for shame, put on your gown Your heart is burst, you have befuddled half your soul Even now, now, very now, an old black ram Is topping your white ewe. Arise, arise Awake the snorting citizens with the bell, Or else the remonstrate leave behind make a grandsire of you Arise, I say. (1.1) The phrase old black ram and the word devil both make reference in an offensive agency to dark skin color. The allusion to white ewe has the effect of putting Othellos darkness into sharp contrast. A few lines later Iago once again turns his invective amply on Othello with three stinging racial epithets Zounds, sir, you are one of those that will not serve God, if the devil bid you. Because we come to do you service ... ... the blacker devil OTHELLO. She turnd to folly, and she was a whore. EMILIA. Thou dost belie her, and thou art a devil (5.2) Following Iagos murder of Emilia, he is captured Lodovico addresses Othello, who is so dejected at having been deceived by his ancient O thou Othello, thou wert once so good, Falln in the practise of a damned bu ckle down, What shall be said to thee? (5.2) Needless to say, damned slave has racial overtones. Shortly thereafter, the hero, in remorse for the tragic mistake he has made, stabs himself and dies on the bed next to his wife, his sorrow being as deep as his love. WORKS CITED Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http//www.eiu.edu/multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.

Homosexuality in Robert Louis Stevenson The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde :: Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Essays

References to Homosexuality in Stevensons Jekl and HydeStevensons choice of certain words in the saucy is extremely pertinent to a homoerotic reading of the text. In some niminy-piminy circles (and most certainly not in others), certain words had very explicit homosexual connotations.The word homosexual seems to have come into the English language around 1869, introduced by a Hungarian named Benkert but not slackly used by the British until the 1880s. Yet, according to Theo Aronson, there were other words used at that time to identify the love between the same gender. Homogenic love, similisexualism, and Uranism were manifestly among the more common references to homosexuality. Within the novel, however, the word homosexual is never used. If it were, perhaps, then such a homoerotic interpretation as this would be redundant. There are, however, certain, instead ambiguous, words that Stevenson uses that have Victorian homosexual connotations.During their walk together, Utterson a nd Enfield come across the home of Edward Hyde. After relating his story about Hyde, Enfield refers to the place as Black chain mail House (8).When asked if he ever inquired about the man who lived therein, Enfield replies, No sir, I make it a rule of mine the more it looks like Queer Street, the little I ask (9).Both of these references to Hydes home are more direct references to Hyde himself, made by a man who, at least publicly, must have sex the distinction between himself and the man who lives in Soho. Poole also makes a reference to Hydes homosexuality Then you must know as well as the eternal sleep of us that there was something queer about that gentleman - something that gave a man a turn. . . (57). During the 19th century, of course, homosexuality was acknowledged by heterosexuals (particularly of the upper classes) as an animated activity among the lower classes - an activity that thrived in Londons own East End. Those who were thought to be homosexuals were often b lackmailed. With the Labouchere Amendment in 1885, homosexuals faced a greater threat of pictorial matter through blackmail. In fact, the threat of exposure as a sodomite is the basis of more than half of the prosecutions throughout the eighteenth century (Jekyll & Hyde, par. 8). Other Victorian writers, like Oscar Wilde, faced this threat, which often damaged their reputations if the affair ever made it to a court. Enfields reference to Queer Street also denotes a homosexual connotation.

Cisco :: essays research papers

COMPANY PROFILECisco Systems is one of the largest network communications company in the world. Cisco provides networking solutions that customers use to build a integrated instruction infrastructure of their own, or to connect to someone elses network. Cisco also offers an extensive err of hardw be increases used to form information networks, or to give them access to these networks. Cisco also has its own software called IOS software, which provides network services and enables networked applications. Cisco serves customers in a wide range of businesses, such as corporations, government agencies, utilities, and educational institutes, and small to medium size businesses. Cisco sells its products worldwide. They serve as many as 115 various countries. They have more than 225 sales and support offices in 75 countries. Cisco strongly believes in the advantages of a global networked business. By using networked applications over the internet and its own internal network, Cisco is gaining financial contribution of at least $825 million a year in operating costs nest egg and revenue enhancements. Today, Cisco is the largest commerce site, with 87% of their orders are transacted over the web.Cisco is one of Americas greatest corporate success stories. Since shipping its first product in 1986, The company has grown into a global market leader that holds No.1 or No.2 market share in almost every market partitioning in which it participates. Cisco went public in 1990 on the nasdaq stock market with annual revenues at $69 million in that year. But now their revenues are at $12.2 billion in fiscal 1999. Their revenues in the last four quarters are shown in the figure below.

Where Is Atlantis :: essays research papers

ATLANTISWhere is it?Atlantis was an ancient civilization which was destroyed in one massive explosion. more people have searched for Atlantis barely it has still not been found. According to Plato, a Greek philosopher, Atlantis was located in the Atlantic Ocean past the pillars of Hercules, the Strait of Gibraltar. Plato has been assign with many scientific discoveries, but Atlantiss existence is still unproved. Plato, one of the fathers of western thought, is out sole direct source for the legend of Atlantis. His fragmentary written report of the continent that was swallowed up by the sea still excited the modern mind. (Readers Digest)The story of Atlantis began about 11,000 years ago. Atlantis was the dwelling of Poseidon, the sea god in Greek mythology. Poseidon fell in love with a mortal woman, Cleito. He make an island, Atlantis, and he constructed a elaborate house in the center of the island. Poseidon built rings of land and water surrounding his house with walls on eith er side of them. Poseidon and Cleito had five sets of twin boys who would become the find oneselfrs of the island. Once the boys were old enough to rule each was given a section of the island to rule. Atlantis had a huge free and very high mountains. Many exotic animals and plants inhabited the island. As the story goes the passing advanced inhabitants slowly became corrupt. The gods called a meeting and discussed what should be done. They decided to destroy the island to punish the Atlanteans. In one massive explosion beautiful Atlantis was gone.Atlantis has been mentioned in hundreds of readings, but none give the exact location of the destroyed island if it really once existed. Even though the Atlanteans were advanced in technology they lost contact with their righteousness (Edgar Cayce)surrounding countries. Even though Atlantis was destroyed the survivors probably fled to nearby advance civilizations. Egypt did become one of the most advance civilizations in the World.Plato gives a vivid description of what Atlantis looked manage in his wrightings. There was a 300 foot wide, 100 foot deep canal on Atlantis. 5.5 miles from the ocean was where the rings of water and land were located. on that point were three sets of rings. Each of the land rings were surrounded by walls which were coated in precious metals. On the continent of Atlantis there was a huge plain 330 miles long and 110 miles wide.

Computers And Marketing :: essays research papers

Computers And MarketingMarketing is the process by which goods are sold and purchased. The aim of marketing is to acquire, retain, and satisfy customers. Modern marketing hasevolved into a complex and diverse sphere. This field includes a wide variety ofspecial functions much(prenominal) as advertising, mail-order business, public relations,retailing and merchandising, sales, market research, and pricing of goods.Businesses, and oddly the marketing aspect of businesses, rely agreat deal on the hire of computers. Computers play a signifi sackt role ininventory control, process and handling orders, communication betweensatelite companies in an organization, construct and production of goods,manufacturing, product and market analysis, advertising, producing the companynewsletter, and in some cases, complete control of company operations.In todays extremely competitive business surround businesses aresearching for ways to improve profitability and to maintain their position inthe ma rketplace. As competition becomes much intense the formula for successbecomes to a greater extent than difficult. Two particular things have greatly aided companies intheir quests to accomplish these goals. They are the innovative softwareproducts of hot dog/CAM and, last but not least, the institution Wide Web.An important program has aided companies all over the world. Computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) is the integration oftwo technologies. It has frequently been called the new industrial revolution. InCAD, engineers and designers use specialized computer software to create simulationsthat represent characteristics of objects. These models are analyzed by computerand redesigned as necessary. This allows companies needed flexibility instudying contrasting and daring designs without the high costs of building and examen actual models, saving millions of dollars. In CAM, designers andengineers use computers for planning manufacturing processes, testing finishedparts, controlling manufacturing operations, and managing entire plants. CAM is united to CAD through a database that is shared by design and manufacturingengineers.The major applications of CAD/CAM are mechanical design and electronicdesign. Computer-aided mechanical design is normally done with automated draftingprograms that use interactive computer graphics. Information is entered intothe computer to create basic elements such as circles, lines, and points.Elements can be rotated, mirrored, moved, and scaled, and users can zoom in ondetails. Computerized drafting is quicker and more accurate than manualdrafting. It makes modifications much easier.Desktop manufacturing enables a designer to construct a model directly fromdata which is stored in computer memory. These software programs help designersto consider both function and manufacturing consequences at primaeval stages, whendesigns are easily modified.More and more manufacturing businesses are integrating CA D/CAM with otheraspects of production, including inventory tracking, scheduling, and marketing.This idea, known as computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM), speeds processingComputers And Marketing essays research document Computers And MarketingMarketing is the process by which goods are sold and purchased. The aim ofmarketing is to acquire, retain, and satisfy customers. Modern marketing hasevolved into a complex and diverse field. This field includes a wide variety ofspecial functions such as advertising, mail-order business, public relations,retailing and merchandising, sales, market research, and pricing of goods.Businesses, and particularly the marketing aspect of businesses, rely agreat deal on the use of computers. Computers play a significant role ininventory control, processing and handling orders, communication betweensatelite companies in an organization, design and production of goods,manufacturing, product and market analysis, advertising, producing the companynewsl etter, and in some cases, complete control of company operations.In todays extremely competitive business environment businesses aresearching for ways to improve profitability and to maintain their position inthe marketplace. As competition becomes more intense the formula for successbecomes more difficult. Two particular things have greatly aided companies intheir quests to accomplish these goals. They are the innovative softwareproducts of CAD/CAM and, last but not least, the World Wide Web.An important program has aided companies all over the world. Computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) is the integration oftwo technologies. It has often been called the new industrial revolution. InCAD, engineers and designers use specialized computer software to create modelsthat represent characteristics of objects. These models are analyzed by computerand redesigned as necessary. This allows companies needed flexibility instudying different and daring designs without the high costs of building andtesting actual models, saving millions of dollars. In CAM, designers andengineers use computers for planning manufacturing processes, testing finishedparts, controlling manufacturing operations, and managing entire plants. CAM islinked to CAD through a database that is shared by design and manufacturingengineers.The major applications of CAD/CAM are mechanical design and electronicdesign. Computer-aided mechanical design is usually done with automated draftingprograms that use interactive computer graphics. Information is entered intothe computer to create basic elements such as circles, lines, and points.Elements can be rotated, mirrored, moved, and scaled, and users can zoom in ondetails. Computerized drafting is quicker and more accurate than manualdrafting. It makes modifications much easier.Desktop manufacturing enables a designer to construct a model directly fromdata which is stored in computer memory. These software programs help designersto co nsider both function and manufacturing consequences at early stages, whendesigns are easily modified.More and more manufacturing businesses are integrating CAD/CAM with otheraspects of production, including inventory tracking, scheduling, and marketing.This idea, known as computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM), speeds processing

Lost Gen And Harlem :: essays research papers

The Artists of the Harlem Renaissance and the Lost Generation diverged from the mainstream to begin a separate cultures. Harlem was an area in New York with an extensive African American population. During the 20s poets, writers and musicians like Langston Hughes, Claude Mckay and Zora Neale Hurston made the Harlem area the center of black art and culture. The lost generation was based mainly in Paris, France. It consisted of war torn men who could not re-enter society after World War I. In Europe nearly sixty two part of men had been killed, captured or debilitated in the Great War. Famine and poverty plagued e actually nation. The Lost Generation was rattling lost they felt angered by the problems at home and many choose to abandon their pre-war land and values to move abroad and adapt a new culture and morals. The black artists of the stigmatise WWI era did not conform to mainstream society or even regular black society. Instead they formed their own culture aside the mainstr eam and the movement was dubbed the Harlem Renaissance. It was truly a coming together of black, and to some extent white, cultural figures. There was little outside influence on the Renaissance. Neither big industry, with their endless promotions to influence customers, nor the anti-prohibition, or speakeasy culture, that characterized the roaring 20s affected the diverse Harlem culture. Langston Hughes was a very prominent writer during the Renaissance. He was a very well cultured man who had travelled all over to places such as the USSR, Haiti and Japan. Refered to as the poet Laureate of New York, his writing was a vehicle to express social and political protest. His diverse handling of Jazz and black folklore influenced many black writers of his time. He was also one of the first, along with Claude Mckay, black writers to attract a substantial white audience. Mckay was a Jamaican born poet and novelist. He was attracted to Harlem because of its immense diversity of culture. H e had been oppressed and harassed during the Red Scare, a nationwide hunt for radicals, because of his status as a left-winger newspaper editor. His style of writing attracted crowds of people never exposed to black culture. He used traditional forms to express unfamiliar ideas. Zora Neale Hurston was the prominent woman during the Harlem movement. She was very much involved in black heritage and southern culture.

Lost Gen And Harlem :: essays research papers

The Artists of the Harlem Renaissance and the Lost Generation diverged from the mainstream to begin a separate cultures. Harlem was an area in New York with an extensive African American population. During the 20s poets, writers and musicians exchangeable Langston Hughes, Claude Mckay and Zora Neale Hurston made the Harlem area the center of black art and culture. The lost generation was based mainly in Paris, France. It consisted of war torn men who could not go into society after World War I. In Europe nearly sixty two percent of men had been killed, captured or debilitated in the large War. Famine and poverty plagued every nation. The Lost Generation was truly lost they felt angered by the problems at home and many choose to repeal their pre-war land and values to move abroad and adapt a new culture and morals. The black artists of the post WWI era did not conform to mainstream society or even regular black society. Instead they formed their own culture aside the mainstream and the movement was dubbed the Harlem Renaissance. It was truly a coming together of black, and to some fulfilment white, cultural figures. There was little outside influence on the Renaissance. Neither big industry, with their endless promotions to lure customers, nor the anti-prohibition, or speakeasy culture, that characterized the roaring 20s affected the diverse Harlem culture. Langston Hughes was a very prominent writer during the Renaissance. He was a very well cultured man who had traveled all over to places such as the USSR, Haiti and Japan. Refered to as the poet Laureate of New York, his writing was a vehicle to express social and political protest. His diverse use of Jazz and black folklore influenced many black writers of his time. He was also one of the first, along with Claude Mckay, black writers to attract a substantial white audience. Mckay was a Jamaican born poet and novelist. He was attracted to Harlem because of its immense diversity of culture. He had been o ppressed and harassed during the Red Scare, a nationwide hunt for radicals, because of his status as a leftist newspaper editor. His style of writing attracted crowds of people neer exposed to black culture. He used traditional forms to express unfamiliar ideas. Zora Neale Hurston was the prominent woman during the Harlem movement. She was very much involved in black inheritance and southern culture.

Cold War Fears DBQ Essay Essay

Harry S. Truman has now his terms as president. A red-hot president has stepped up to the p lately, President Dwight D. Eisenhower. However, Eisenhower ineluctably to pick up where Truman had left off. He has to keep the country stable and deal with foreign policies. But, Eisenhower needs to cheek an early(a) issue at hand. With the Cold War going on, the Statesns atomic number 18 starting to fear the aftermath of the Second armament personnel War. From things like the Red frighten away to the broadcast of communism in weak, poor countries, Eisenhower has a big responsibility that he must handle. With current situations, if Eisenhower does not respond to the fears of the American people, he pass on have difficulties with internal affairs rather than external affairs. The aftermath of the Second World War do Americans shiver be father of the fear of a frontal assault, communism, and build up race. President Eisenhower had a mixed levels of responses to each individual fear. Although the WWII had ended, Americans now have to worry about another war, the Cold War. Americans had worried about the war in Europe against the Germans, but now they had to go against one of their allies during the war (the trust was very weak between the United States and Soviet Union which made the alliance very weak overall). Americans now feared for a frontal assault from the Soviets. After WWII, the Soviets (under Stalins command) had made advances in their military and were standing toenail to toe with the United States in military power. The problem of Massive Retaliation came from the idea that the Soviet Union had the technology to send missiles directly towards the United States (U.S. New and World Report E). Missiles now had the power to be launched for long distances and explode at an enemy country.This brought up fear amongst the Americans beca example not only were they behind in military technology, but they had the ability to blow up a part of America from a long distance away. In a response to this, bomb shelters were created so that the civilians of America could retreat and stay out of harms way (Life Magazine C). Life Magazine shows this picture as a common summons that the government needs to do because theyre in charge of protecting the civilians of the United States, because without them then the government would have no purpose. They see this as a normal solution in order to protect the lives of the people.One issue, however, did not change. Communism was still the main threat during the time of the Cold War. It was the leading cause of the Red Scare because of communist spies infiltrating the United States. Many people were caused of being communist which caused fear within the Americans because they suspected each other for being communists. This was a time of distrust as no one believed if the person next to them was American or communist. This was one of the main reasons that cause mass hysteria. Eisenhower, during the press co nference, says ,We are fearing what unwise investigators will do to use here at home as they try to combat subversion or briber or lying within, (A). Eisenhower understands that communism is causing fear within his people that is causing them to become hysterical. Eisenhower is the current president at this time and as president he knows the circle that his people are going to and understands the fear they have to put up with.Communism wasnt just an internal problem, it was a problem in other parts of the world. Communism also infiltrated the Americas, but specifically Central and South America. Guatemala has been seduced by the ideas of communism causing the situation to become dangerous in the eye of the Americans (John Foster Dulles B). Communism is bringing danger for the conversancy of other cities and also to America itself because it makes it that much closer from taking over the United States as well. John F. Kennedy during his inaugural address, takes on hand the situati on of communism. He says, Oppose and foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty, (I).Kennedy is standing up and stating that America needs to act and oppose its foes to assure that they survive in the end. He also mentions the idea of successful liberty. He wishes to grant this to the countries that are being overrun by the ideals of communism and to ensure that they will be granted freedom from communisms ideals and make sure that they are protected. JFKs position as the loss leader of American shows his charisma and strength of attacking these issues. He sees communism as a threat and understands that America must oppose the foe (communism) and great liberty to the country that is being affected by it.The responses to communism breathed hope into the hearts of Americans, however, it did not help Americas position in the weaponry race. The fear wasthat America has fallen behind in the arms race because the Soviet Union has now surpassed them in the arms race with their new gamy tech missiles and ability to launch them for very long distances which meant that America was to be ready for a massive retaliation from the Soviets (U.S. New and World Report E). With America being behind, something unavoidable to be done in order for us to catch up to our adversary. From this issue, America started to use most of its budget and spent it on missile programs (Herblock F). Increased funding for missile programs went into effect and most other issues like welfare programs and civilian services was set aside because America needed to catch up to Russia with the arms race.Herblock understands where America stands in the arms race. Each moment America wastes is a moment that the Soviet Union can use to further advance their military and weapons. Herblocks cartoons shows that he seems to have a good interpretation of the situation that was occurring during the time and what America needed to do or was doing in order for us to catch up to the Soviets in the race . Statistics show that the Department of Commerce increased the percent of government spending into falsifications.During Eisenhowers governing body a solid 63% of the governments spending was being invested into nation defense. Overtime America spent from $68.5 billion dollars to $92.1 billion in the late 60s (Department of Commerce H). This shows how much America ended up spending so that it increase its national defenses, but also tried to catch up to the defense power that the Soviets wielded. This increase in production for defense shows Americas determination and ambition to achieve the level of defense power that the Soviets obtained.The fear of the spread of communism, arms race, and frontal assaults by the Soviets showed the increasing growth of fear that Americans had within them during the Cold War. However, these fears also show the determination and ambition that the Eisenhower administration had which allowed them to create programs and policies as a response to addr ess the fears of the American public. Fears still exist today and its quite possible that America might experience another melodic line of the Cold War in the future. Only time can tell and America has the will to face this problem.

June Etta Downey

A Biography of June Etta Downey South Georgia Technical College August 20, 2010 June Etta Downey (1875-1932), Psychologist. Born on July 13, 1875, in Laramie, Wyoming. June came from a pioneer family that contributed a great deal to the development of the state. Her father, Colonel Stephen W. Downey was one of the first territorial delegates to the United States Congress from Wyoming, and it was largely through his efforts that the University of Wyoming was established. Downey, like many a(prenominal) other females pursuing professional careers, had to face many odds in order to achieve her goals.In early 1900s the image of a professional cleaning lady was an unusual sight, particularly in a small place like Laramie. Most professional females were destined to become school teachers if they were not married. Downey avoided marriage in order to continue her higher education and being free to work in the field she always wanted experimental psychology. Downey graduated from the Univers ity of Wyoming in 1895. afterwards a year of teaching at the University of Chicago, where in 1898 she took a masters degree in Philosophy and Psychology.In that year she joined the faculty of the University of Wyoming as an instructor of Philosophy as well. In the summer of 1901 she studied Psychology under Edward Bradford Titchener at Cornell University. She was promoted to assistant professor of English and Philosophy in 1902 and to Professor in 1905. In 1904 she published a volume of poems titled Heavenly Dykes. After a sabbatical year of further study at the University of Chicago, she was awarded her P. H. D. in 1908, and on her return to the University of Wyoming she became head of her department.Downey soon gave up the teaching of English to concentrate on Philosophy and Psychology, and the title of her professorship was changed formally to that in 1915. A gifted and often ingenious experimenter, Downey followed her principal interest in the Psychology of aesthetics into man y areas of the arts and the mental processes associated with them. Downeys work in muscle muscle ready, handwriting, handedness, color perception, and such topics led to deeper investigations into personality and creativity.Her work resulted in more than 60 articles in professional journals and several books, including Graphology and the Psychology of Handwriting, 1919 Plots and Personalities, with Edward E. Slosson, 1922. Downey was greatly provoke in the creative arts. She wrote poems, plays, and stories throughout her life. She even wrote the school Alma Mater for the University of Wyoming. In 1911, she published the Imaginal Reaction to poetry, one of the most important experiments involving arts. This study examined the images people had in response to ready poetry.Downey believed that variation in such images revealed differences in character. Downeys preliminary work personality led her to the creation of the Downey Will-Temperament Test. The Will-Temperament and Its Testin g, a report on her attempt to test clinically aspects of personality other than intelligence, 1923 and Creative Imagination Studies in the Psychology of Literature, 1929. She besides published Kingdom of the Mind, a book on the experimental psychology for young readers, in 1927.Although the report presented several limitations itself, it brought the attention of several influential psychology exponents. Although highly valuable in intent and originality, the Downey tests also possessed great weaknesses. Downey continually pointed to the importance of the intra-individual relationship of the subtests, but did not provide any norms for comparisons. The tests had poor reliability, the subtests were very short and those subtests that supposedly measured comparable traits did not correlate highly with each other.The tests also possessed poor validity, at least when the results were compared to personality ratings. In addition, there were complaints that the administration was complicat ed and the marking was too subjective. All of these weaknesses prevented the tests from being more widely accepted, and Downey was planning to revise the tests at the time of her death. Despite her visibility, Downey never craved the spotlight. As she grew older, she concentrated on her teaching and left Laramie.Downey was recognized as an outstanding scholar in her field by election to the Society of Experimentalists and membership on the council of the American psychological Association in 1923-1925. In the last decade of her life she received many forms of recognition, including appointment to APA Council, membership in the Society of Experimentalists, and election as a Fellow of the American association of the Advancement of Service. She was also an inspiring teacher and a valuable asset to her university in its early years.Downey became ill while care the Third International Congress on Eugenics in New York City. She died two months later of cancer at the home of her sister in Trenton, New tee shirt on October 11, 1932. She was 57 years old. The University held a memorial service for her and a bronze plaque was unveiled in her honor. References 1. Uwadmnweb. Uwyo. edu/a&s/Development/ deal/Downey-June%2006. html 2. www. psych. yorku. ca/femhop/June%20Downey. htm 3. Ww. britannica. com/EBChecked/topic/170477/June-Etta-Downey

Paper on “Agricultural Rhythms and Rituals: Ancient Maya Solar Observation in Hinterland Blue Creek”

The article of Gregory Zaro and Jon Lohse, Agricultural Rhythms and Rituals Ancient Maya Solar Observation in Hinterland Blue Creek, mainly discusses the variant and highly effective coarse practices in Mesoamerica during propagation when sophisticated equipment and instruments were not yet available.The authors mainly foc wasting diseased on the ancient Mayan civilization whose settlements be forthwith collectively known as Latin America. Basically, it was evident that much of Mesoamerica was highly successful in terms of agricultural production and the planting and growing of crops, among others.However, the authors distressed that it is important to not that the ancient civilizations that lived in the past had little to no knowledge of soil types, regulation and moisture levels, fertility, the growing cycles, and other requirements and that are innate in crop production, yet they still were able to have successful and sustainable agricultural conditions.The authors point ou t that the main reasons behind their success are their ancient rituals, practices and beliefs which mainly foc employ on the cosmos and are used to mark the passage of time and the seasons relative to their agricultural production.These practices rituals include sacrifices, rituals that are associated with water management and fertility and the civilizations ability to monitor seasonal changes by observing the movements and changes of the celestial bodies in the sky.In addition, these practices, rituals and other agricultural behaviors, according to the authors, are possibly the most(prenominal) overlooked reasons by most archaeologists who are attempting to have a deeper understanding of ancient civilizations.The authors, in their investigations of these ancient races, found their first evidence at the Quincunx site, an architectural complex in Belize. At the site, they discovered an unusual structure which is unlike the Mayan houses and residential patios.It mostly comprises of central masonry room blocks but the most notable structure of the complex, according to the authors, are the four broad, low, circular cobble course of studys that are determine intercardinal directions (which means that the four platforms are placed in southeast, southwest, northeast, and northwest each). Each platform is also located approximately 20 meters from a central structure.The authors noted that initially, it can be surmised that these five-point or quincuncial structure was figure of speeched mainly to monitor the movements of the cheerfulness in the sky every year. But upon closer scrutiny, it is actually closely associated with the Mayan civilizations high regard for astronomy and their dependence on agricultural production.In addition, the authors claimed that the evidence which they use to choke their claims include ethnographic and ethnohistoric accounts, particularly the Mayan behavior towards astronomy and agricultureTthe five-part or quincuncial design of t he site and the solar observations at the said site during times of summer solstice on June 21, which are further assessed in relation to architectural elements and features that denote important events in the civilizations history and federal agency of life.Based on the authors accounts, in order to have a better understanding of the Mesoamerican agricultural behaviors and practices, it is first necessary to closely examine symbolisms in their structures, particularly the quincuncial design of the site.Basically, according to historical evidence and studies of Mayan cosmos or their belief in astronomy, the five-part complex mainly represents the universe. Historically, the Mayans believe that universe is composed of four corners and one center, analogous to the quincuncial structure.The corners represented what they called the vaxakmen or the races standard bearers or spokespersons. In addition, the positioning of these corners also designate and give rise to the center, which mo re or slight represents the Mayan communities themselves.Moreover, the positioning of the quincuncial complex are also closely associated with fertility and famine, which are essential aspects in Me equalrica as these play major roles in determining their way of life.For example, according to the authors, one Mayan Tribe believed that the north is associated with the color white and the god maize/cereal grain, the south is associated with the color and the god of wind, the east is associated with white and the god of rain, and the west is associated with black and the god of death.Meaning to say, the positioning of the quincuncial complex they found may strongly indicate that it is meant to determine their timing in planting crops and other agricultural activities that they Mayan civilization practice during that time.Another example that indicates their strong reverence for astronomy relative to their agricultural production, based on the authors article, is the rituals that the civilization practiced. In one ritual, an altar is situated in a center with four corners. In each of the corners, four men sat and imitated the sound of thunder.The entire ceremony is mainly done to petition to the gods to bring rain during times of famine or drought. Moreover, the authors noted that places that are socially significant such as plazas, homesteads, and cornfields also followed the quincuncial rule mainly out-of-pocket to their perception of the universe.Furthermore, the authors also noted that the quincuncial structure is also used in actual agricultural production. Basically, the four corners represent solar events two zenith passages, in which the sunniness is directly above the earth, and two summer solstices, in which the sun is either towards or away from the earth, depending on the planets tilt.In this regard, quincuncial symbols, especially in places sift in agriculture, help the civilization determine the suns position and, in effect, their timing for su ccessful food production.Finally, in order to further support and validate their claims, the authors documented a devastated quincuncial architectural site in Belize and recreated it to show the suns possible position in the sky and how the Mayan civilization used this to time their agricultural activities.In their excavation, they were able to discover that during the June summer solstice, a persons shadow was cast from the central structures south accession to the north edge of the southwestern area. From this finding, the authors concluded that the quincuncial structure was indeed crucial to the lives of Mesoamerica as it affects their agricultural production.However, they emphasized that the passage of time has caused a lot of changes in the structures which is why it is hard to assume that all of Mesoamerica used the same quincuncial symbols described above in their lives. But nevertheless, they surmised that all communities in the area shared the same belief that prominent sp aces and areas must divided into five parts and four corners in order to represent the universe.

Advantages of Cooperative Learning for English Language Learners

contrive scholarship is a successful instruction design in which lower-ranking teams, each with pupils of different degrees of ability, take part in a assortment of larning activities to better their apprehension of a topic ( Noyes, 2010 ) . separately genus Phallus of a squad is accountable non merely for larning what is taught but besides for assisting teammates learn, therefore making an environment of success ( Kagan, 2002 ) . Students work through the undertaking or assignment until all base members successfully understand and complete it.For English lingual communication scholars, concert eruditeness is critical, because it genuinely accelerates larning. There is no better manner to larn lingual communication, other than utilizing it. Teachers frequently model lingual communication but, hamper pupils by non supplying them with chances to use it and master facets of the linguistic communication every bit pronto as possible ( Noyes, 2010 ) . Concerted larning provide s the chance for English linguistic communication scholars ( ELL ) to speed up acquisition of the linguistic communication accomplishments required to be making good in academic topics. The intent of concerted acquisition is each member of the squad is accountable for non merely larning what is taught, but besides assisting their teammates learn. It creates an ambiance of association and accomplishment ( Kagan, 2002 ) . The pupils are really learning each other and a map that s community based and builds coaction. Concerted acquisition is a scheme that can be used with all pupils.Benefits for English Language LearnersConcerted acquisition is normally valuable for any pupil larning a 2nd linguistic communication. Concerted acquisition activities support equal communicating, which helps the enlargement of linguistic communication and the acquisition of constructs and nitty-gritty ( Kagan, 2002 ) . It is indispensable to delegate ELLs to different squads so that they can profits fro m English linguistic communication function theoretical accounts. ELLs learn to convey themselves with greater independency when working in little squads. In add-on to take up vocabulary, ELLs benefit from detecting how their equals learn and expl ain jobs. Functions need to be assigned and rotated each hebdomad or by activity. By revolving, pupils increment accomplishments they chiefly need to execute. Cooperative larning physiques larning communities as pupils grow to be experienced at how to acquire along, how to be concerned for themselves and for each other and how to cover with their ain public presentation as they work on the manner to a common aim ( Kagan, 2002 ) .Concerted larning groups make best usage of the fleet accomplishment of English because it provides pupils with apprehensible part in English in encouraging, non-threatening milieus ( Noyes, 2010 ) . Academic and linguistic communication acquisition requires that pupils have chances to calculate out what they he ar and train every bit good as express themselves in important undertakings ( McGroarty, 1993 ) . Concerted larning creates normal, synergistic contexts in which pupils have bona fide grounds for listening to one and only(a) another, ask inquiries, elaborating issues, and re-stating points of observation. The foundation of school accomplishment is academic literacy in English age appropriate inclusion body of English is a demand in the achievement of content criterions. We learn chiefly through linguistic communication and usage of linguistic communication to convey our cognition.Concerted acquisition additions chances for pupils to build and calculate out linguistic communication and to derive mold and unfavorable judgment from their equals. A great trade of the significance of concerted acquisition lies in the manner coaction encourages pupils to draw in such high degree believing accomplishments as analyzing, explicating, synthesising, and lucubrating ( McGroarty, 1993 ) .T eacher s Role in Cooperative LearningStandards moldiness be taught. The regulations of larning groups must be understood by all pupils ( Noyes, 2010 ) . The larning groups must be free from negative re lollipops which hinder larning and growing. Everyone must be active hearers each squad member must take part, and assist everyone understand the aim and what is being learned. Additionally, noise degrees must be kept in position and the group needs to follow on the assignment.Schools must supply learning that assists ELLs in geting content country comprehension along with resources for going skilled in English ( NCLB, 2001 ) . Concerted acquisition is non merely group work ( Noyes, 2010 ) . For it to be effectual, the instructor must learn high public-service corporation words that appear within the content countries that are a agencies to comprehension along with definitions and illustrations of usage in context. The group must prosecute each member in acquisition words through an mixture of methods of comparison, analysing, and utilizing mark words because academic linguistic communication is of import for reading and command of accomplishments in all capable countries.Careful planning is a must for concerted acquisition to be effectual. ELLs working in concerted acquisition groups must be given assignments harmonizing to their degrees of English proficiency. The instructor must be cognizant of their phases of linguistic communication acquisition. Class edifice and squad edifice activities such as mix brace portion, mingle and lucifer, give one/get one, find somebody who, think brace portion, unit of ammunition tabular array, and roll the room are utile ways to incorporate concerted acquisition into the schoolroom ( Noyes, 2010 ) .Decisions investigate suggests that concerted larning techniques boost ability for all pupils ( Noyes, 2010 ) . Cummins ( 2001 ) considers cooperative larning an authorization teaching method because pupils have greater chances t o pattern unwritten linguistic communication.Concerted acquisition is a successful attack in which little squads, each with pupils of diverse degrees of capableness, use a scope of larning activities to progress their apprehension of a subject ( Noyes, 2010 ) . Each member of the squad is accountable non merely for larning what is taught, but besides for assisting teammates learn through the formation of an environment of achievement ( Kagan, 2002 ) . Concerted attempts consequence in members motivated for common accomplishment so that all addition from each other s attempts, acknowledge that all members portion a common destiny, know that one s public presentation is caused by each other working together and experience proud and jointly observe when 1 is recognized for success. Concerted acquisition is non merely group work or a manner to maintain pupils busy. Teachers must supply cardinal direction in phonemic consciousness, phonics, eloquence, vocabulary, and comprehension and l et the kineticss of concerted acquisition to supply pattern for proficiency.

Chicano Art Essay

Chicano art started in Mexican American communities within sustain of the civil rights society, suitable a national art progress with global span which includes CARA exhibition, Los fours and the other exhibitions. The appearance, institutional carry out the ritual though innovation, mythic construct political and civilizing engagement. During the 1960s there was a lot passing play on the world, non only did Chicano had to stand up for them. They wanted to find ways to express Chicanos, in searching of ways angiotensin converting enzyme popular action came which is the art.First of all, phantom sighting after the Chicano movement was developed in the early 2000s this exhibit wanted to still reveal about the Chicano society. The significance of their exhibit was broken down into three reasons. According to the book, number one- Chicano art produces to be seen, does not exist in the art world. Number two- self determine Chicanos who refuse the category. Number three- homonyms fo r sighting sitting, citing actions that turn the apparitional into something real. I agree with those terms, however this exhibit was palee and feels modernize.In which the book, states that it is a optic of everyday life therefore we nurse to understand that each of the artists will view the world differently. Further than a century of discrimination adjacent to one of the biggest alternative residing in the United States with the purpose of continues now. Hispanics are targets of unfairness and are not proffer equivalent opportunities in jobs and learning. The prejudice dates back toward the finish of the Mexican War while thousands of Mexicans became American citizens overnight. . consort to history, this happened, because of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.That helped them to settle in America. Unfortunately they had a rough time in America, and later than in the three multiplication of individual born in America Chicanos resolute to uprising. Secondly, another exhibition ca lled Chicano vision American painter on verge, this exhibit consist majority of paintings. They were Chicano looked and at the world though Chicano eyes , during a reading came across this appealing quote. Hence it correlates with the book of this title. The book has come up with so many flaws and positivistic aspects.One issue was struggled to gain acceptance in the gallery world, as stated in the book. Rather than waiting around, the artists would go and display their works anyplace that has people, example the book said in public places wall this has grab viewers attention because most people think of tagging or graffiti. However that is not the reason, artists have reason to launch such a mural or scene on the wall. They wanted to tell a story, and expressing how they felt. Wondering what types of influences did artists have? Music, expressionism, impressionism, and photorealism were the reasons as mentioned in the book.GlugioGronkNicandro one influence was listening to the Be atles Carlos Almarez has painting style similarity as an expressionism. John Valdez has an excellent photorealism painting, called Car show that painting could easily be mistaken as a photo, if the artist did not explain what medium was used. In the late 1960s and 1970s formed social and political literacy, according to the book therefore 1965 there was a popluar civil right activist, Cesar E Chavez. Who is known to fight with the famers to gain respect and equality the iconographic figure is sun mad by Ester Hernandez.One great example is frank Romero, who creates the death of Ruben Salazar the painting is remembering on Ruben Salazars death, because he was known as a generator and activist during the 1960s involve with the Chicano movement. In addition, the Chicano Movement not just do the unruly early life of the 20th century form a strong alteration here the connotations linked with Mexican-Americans nevertheless they as well did sculpture, paintings, perform to outward appeara nce a cultural personality exceptional and unquestionably their hold.For the most part viewing on Southern California during the 1940s to the current, Chicano Art looked into older ancestry from Mexican painters like Rivera, Siqueiros, and Kahlo, and they follow certain styles and images. terce exhibition, Chicano Art Resistance and Affirmation, 1965-1985toured major museums around the United States as the author states, and known too CARA. This is an intriguing response from New York Times.But where the Whitney show cadaver largely an attempt by art-world insiders to simulate an outsider art, Chicano Art Resistance and Affirmation is the real thing, coming straight from the heart and mind of an entire culture, and having some(prenominal) the vitality and the limitations that such breadth of intention and intensity of feeling bring. Agreement within the statement is highly recommended, those artists have work hard and fought for their place to put an art show and illustrate to the world who are the Chicanos and what is going on in life.Overall all three exhibitions are admirable, but they each have similarities and differences. The exhibits discusses about these topics people, culture, history and political aspects. Phantom sighting is view- conceptual over representative that was stated in a lecture in class. Chicano Visions was look as creating an identity according to the book. CARA points of reasoning, is taken though all different ways such as cultural studies, feminist theory, anthropology and semiotics in which the author states.

? Explain the Continued Fascination with Katherina in ‘the Taming of the Shrew’

?explain the continued fascination with Katherina in The Taming of the Shrew Audiences continue to be fascinated and relate with Katherina because of the struggles she faces with non fitting into a very concise, social mould. Theres no denying that The Taming of the Shrew is patriarchy at its worst. Shakespeare presents to the audience Katherina an intelligent, highly stubborn woman who is willing to gainsay the sexist patriarchal ideologies of the 16th century. She is subjected to legion(predicate) things like verbal abuse, injustice and double prevailards, which all resonate with the audience.Katherina doesnt fit into the social convention because she challenges the proper gender roles of the 16th century. We see Katherina challenging gender conventions when she protests against organism treated like a commodity in terms of marriage which at the time was like a business or financial dealings supposed to benefit the families involved. Katherina makes it clear at the beginning of the prevail that she does not wish to be married to someone merely because of her dowry, much to Biancas despair.In Act 2 Scene 1 Baptista agrees for Petruchio to marry her. Katherina is very against the idea, twisting his words, insulting and even striking Petruchio. She is finally shocked to silence when even despite her best efforts to protest, Petruchio deceives Baptista in claiming that Katherina wants to be married to him and she hung about my neck, and kiss on kiss She vied so fast. Katherina also challenges gender roles in that she will willingly stand up for herself, which was very unlike any woman of the time.This did not help her case in being a shrew with a loud, ill-tempered personality and a razor-sharp tongue. We see this in Act 1 Scene 1 when Katherina is being openly insulted and abused by Biancas suitors and refuses to step down and accept the circumstance she is being called a devil and a wench. She retaliates with speech that is witty and shreds the suitors com ments, however it was extremely out of the social practice for women. We find her challenging the roles of men and women relatable merely because of the age sexagenarian contest of men verses women.Because of the very limited roles women held in this era we find that we begin to appreciate her actions in that she will stand up for what she believes is fair and right, even if it has her portrayed as an outcast. Katherina finds herself ill-equipped for the social mould of the era as she begins to make a mockery of the power struggles not unless within marital relationships, but also within society. Once married, women essentially lost all legal rights and their own identity.This is why Petruchio refers to Katherina as his goods and his chattels later their marriage ceremony (Act 3 Scene 2). Katherina hates the idea of not even being able to speak her mind because of her limited power in her marriage. She says in Act 4 Scene 3 that her heart will break if she is silenced and una ble to express her frustration about her lack of power and check up on over even her own wardrobe. The play forces the audience to question their assumptions and attitudes about the power dynamics particularly in romantic couples, but also with friends and relatives.We kindle relate to Katherina not wanting to be treated like a commodity or be stripped of her own identity and values because all one of us have felt pressure to conform to somebody elses values. Whether it be at school, home or in a romantic relationship, phrases such as be a good girl or be a man reverberates with us all and this is what Katherina attempts to overthrow in her relationship with Petruchio. Katherina is squeeze to deal with injustice, when she is judged and treated with un fairness, as a result of her inability to conform to social and gender conventions.The main object of Petruchio marrying Katherina was so that he could have the challenge of taming her. This to the modern audience seems manipulati ve as if Katherina is more like an animal needing to be tamed. As a modern audience we have become out-of-the-way(prenominal) more sensitive to social injustices, and so as we witness the abusive behaviour and misogynistic attitudes towards Katherina we begin to feel almost sympathetic for her misunderstood actions and feelings. It is unfair that the only way Katherina could achieve domestic tranquillity was to conform to how Petruchio wanted her to be.She is never given any choice, pretending that the sun is really the moon and moreover that an old man is really a budding virgin just to make Petruchio happy (Act 4 Scene 5). It is clear that as soon as we endure the Minola family that Baptista is clearly more favourable towards Bianca. In Act 1 Scene 1, Baptista asks Bianca to go inside with him and practice her music and books, he disregards Katherina saying Katherina, you may stay. For I have more to commune with Bianca. It is also in this scene that even though Katherina speak s just three times, we hear more about her than from her .This speaks of the judgemental and misunderstood temper that she is subjected to. This fascinates us because as she struggles to overcome this treatment, it becomes very relatable to the audience. The concept of fairness has become, to nearly all of us, a given right. For the characters in The Taming of the Shrew to willingly let fairness be blatantly ignored, becomes a fascinating idea to the modern day audience. Even though fairness has become a right, we have all been assign into situations where fairness hasnt always been practised, and so Katherinas plight becomes relatable.Audiences continue to be fascinated with Katherinas character because of the struggles that she faces with not fitting into a very concise, social mould. The Taming of the Shrews audience in the 16th century was one that was heavily concerned with the concepts of marriage, and so it is only natural that Shakespeare creates a character that challenge s all the concepts tied to marriage entirely. Katherina takes things head on when she not only tests the boundaries of the limited roles and expectations of a female, but also wont accept the distinct power roles of a man and woman in a relationship.The play celebrates the quick-wit and strong mind of Katherina, even whilst revelling in her humiliation and unfair treatment. Whilst the social conventions have changed since the 16th century, they are still very apparent in our society, and thither will always be those who test and rebuke those widely held standards. One point that is worth considering is whether or not our conventions are shaping our society for advancement, or worse for regression.

Misuse of Mobile Phones Essay

Mobile or cellphone phones harbour revolutionized our lives since legion(predicate) years. In past passel had to wait for days or even weeks to clear reply to their letters. Then with time and technological advancements things started getting easier with the invention of telephone and then finally it got a lot easier with the introduction of cell phones. Cell phones stand us the opportunity to converse, figure come on and access content. Mobile phones demand redefined connectivity and communication. But high-end mobile phones have also turned out to be handy devices for criminals, anti-social elements and even activists. Mobile phones have their uses and misuses.Uses The ability to reproof wireless(prenominal)ly and all across the world is one of the major uses of cell phones. Cell phones have surfaced as the chief(prenominal) communication gadgets for millions of country positioning, distant and undersized areas in many developing countries where it is quite hard to build widespread fixed-line as well as other landline phone infrastructures. One erect use cell phones in many disaster circumstances and emergencies to get helpful and apt help. Some of the mobile phones have special features like maps etc. If you are new somewhere and have lost your way you can get help using your cell phone. There are number of applications like calculator, torch, calendar etc in almost every cell phone. One can get help from these applications whenever needed. You can call or chat with your friends or family members for hours with the introduction of a number of worthy packages for you to avail. Thus by spending less money you can talk for longer time period. These packages are worthy enough as compared to pumped(p) or landline phone charges.Misuses On one side if cell phones are the best sources to get instant help in the hour of need there are some drawbacks of this gadget. It is a position that parents allow their kids use mobile phones at an early age. But it is only to make sure astir(predicate) their safety and security which is needed since we live in an unsecured society. However, unfortunately many times it has been ascertained that these children do non make use of it in a proper manner. They spend hours talking to their friends, not for good purposes but to gossip and thus waste their time.They prefer indoor games like those in the mobiles alternatively than the outdoor games. This can impact negatively on theirminds physical fitness. The law made by the governments of many countries was much appreciated by a large number of people according to which it is restricted to the children to deal a SIM card until they reach the age of eighteen. Majority of parents are thankful to their government for taking this useful step.Some of the common misuses of mobile phones are cameras loaded on majority of mobile phones can be used to take pictures of women and innocent children these pictures are then usually morphed, maneuvered and circ ulated on the Internet and can be used for any negative purpose. Texting can also be used to misuse or form people. Cell phones have been known to be used by corrupt elements, burglars and criminals can plan out a number of criminal schemes, scamming plans and other illegal activities.Thus cell phones if on one side a blessing then on the other side they can create disasters in our lives and society. It is best(predicate) to make use of mobile phones for positive and useful purposes and not for negative activities.

Africa Essay

between 600-1450, Africa went from g all overnments with increased wealth from trade with varying religious traditions, also with some beliefs of polytheism to governments with extensive powerful bureaucracies with much plenty converting to Islam. the more advanced forms of government ,trade and local traditions however, remained constant.Prior to the innovation of Islam as a religion, at that place were various belief systems with animistic beliefs. There was also some polytheism as well as monotheism. only the traditional religions remained, although Islam became the more bighearted religion. Islam became an important religion because of trade and umayyad conquest out of the middle eastward into sum Africa . Islam also became the more important religion because of the Kings of Ghana and later Mali, who had converted because it benefited them in that they got more money. The conversion of authority innovations influenced people to convert, as well as they were convinced by an authority figure .The introduction of Islam and the connection to trade routes in the Dar-Al-Islam marked a turning point for Africa. During this time, after the diminution of Rome, the power vacuum then light-emitting diode to the Umayyad conquest out of the middle East into North Africa.Also wolfram Africas connection to Northern Africa via Trans-Saharan trade by Berber nomads allowed for the spread o9f islam to sub-saharan Africa. Trade and conquest brought Islam to North Africa, making it a slow ,but widely growing religion in Africa at the time.After the introduction of islam and the connection of trade routes in the Dar-al-Islam, political changes were prominent within africa. The Quran also promotes trade as a blessing to humanity, so trade had increased steadily. Because of the increasing trade, organized governments increased considerably. Increased Trans-Saharan trade of prosperous for salt led to the need to regulate trade. it also led to increased wealth. the incr eased wealth in turn led to a more powerful government with an extensive bureaucracy and also led to the government controlling and taxing their trade routes. the kingdom of ghana fell and became the Empire of Mali which had control over the greater region. The kingdom of Ghana went from governments to stateless societies.Although africa went through many changes, there were still some continuities. for example, although people converted to Islam, it was a very slow process and initially it was only the kings and merchants were converting because it benefited them local traditions were still prominent because of thousands of years of the local animistic beliefs being passed down. Most people still practiced animistic fear and rituals. Another continuity would be the advances in government. There were still many advancements in government because of the truelove increases in population and the need for regulation. Another continuity would be how trade is constant throughout the area . This is because it is needful to increase wealth and grow the economy to increase the population.

Developmental Psychology and Expressive Arts Essay

An explanation of each of the areas of learn and phylogenesis and how these are mutually beneficial.There are 7 areas of representing in the learning and development for baberen as draw in development matters in the early years foundation stage 2012 DFE Cheshire. There are 3 prime areas of development and 4 specific areas of development. The prime areas area personal, brotherly and wound up development, physical development and communication and language development. The specific areas are literacy, mathematics, ensureing the world and expressive arts and design.Personal, social and emotional developmentThe areas of personal, social and emotional development is about how a baby bird makes kinds, has self-confidence and self-awareness and manages behaviour. For example, a child of 26 months will demonstrate to their parents that they provoke be independent and they could show this by saying no if they dont want to do anything.Physical developmentPhysical development is a bout how children can move around and handle things by themselves and health and self-care. For example, a child who is 10 months will put themselves up to help them stand and they will hold onto someone they know or a order of furniture for support.Communication and languageCommunication and language is about how a child can discover and pay attention, to understand others and be able to speak. For example, a child who is 5 months will make their stimulate sounds in response when someone who is familiar is talking to them.LiteracyLiteracy is about a child who is learning to read and learning to write. For example, a child who is 16 months will be interested in books and rhymes and could as well book a favourite. Also the could draw/write with their finger in the sand.MathematicsMathematics is about children learning about numbers, shapes, space and measures. For example, a child who is 40 months could be able to separate a conference of 3 or 4 objects indifferent ways, and b egins to recognise that the total is still the same. brain the worldUnderstanding the world is about how children see populate and communities, how they see the world and technology. For example, a child who is 30 months could consider a question or comment on the thoughts of the world, such as where they live or where a different family member lives. They might ask why they live in different places then them. communicatory arts and designExpressive arts and design is about exploring and using media and materials, and being imaginative. For example, a child who is 60 months will be able to understand different media and combine them to make a innovative effect.These 7 areas of learning and development are all interdependent. An practise that shows this is playing play dough and basing this activity on the book postman pat.Personal, social and emotional links into this activity because they are all talking to you and each other about what they are doing with the play dough. This is interdependent with communication and language because they are sermon to each other while they are doing the activity. Communication and language is interdependent with physical because when they are reservation play dough people to do with postman pat they are using their fine force back skills to hold the cutter and rollers properly. Physical is interdependent with maths because when the children make the people, they can count how many people of objects they have made. Also they can be making different shapes which will help them learn.Maths is interdependent with literacy because they could make their names out of the play dough with the cutters and there could be some alphabetical earn they can also use. Literacy is interdependent with understanding the world because they will be using their senses and their knowledge to understand the book and be able to complete the play dough. Understanding the world is interdependent with expressive arts and design because using pl ay dough is a type of media so they will gain skills. This is also helping the children learn more effectively and to be more creative.Early learning goalsEach aspect of the areas of learning and development have early learning goals. Most children will achieve most of these by 60 months. The outcomes have been reduced in the EYFS 2012.Children play co-operatively, taking turns with others. They take account of one others ideas about how to organise their activity. They show sensitivity to others needs and feelings and form positive relationships with adults and other children. This is from the personal, social and emotional making relationships ELG 40-60+ months.For example, if a child was playing with lots of toys and another child was sitting altogether with nothing to do, the child would share their toys with them so they become happy. This will help for them to build a relationship and become better friends.