Religion and Ethnic Diversity

Religion is something that many people around the world practice. There are many different types of religion and each religion have their own beliefs and practices. I wanted to learn more about Jehovah’s Witnesses; this is a religion that I am unfamiliar with. Jehovah’s Witnesses consider themselves to be Christian, they base their practices and beliefs on their own translation and meaning of the Bible (Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, 2013). Jehovah’s Witnesses call themselves this because God’s name is Jehovah; they feel it is only right to call him by his name.A witness is a person who proclaims views or truths of which he is convinced; thus Jehovah’s Witnesses designates them as a group of Christians who proclaim the truth about Jehovah. Jehovah Witnesses have very different beliefs than other people who consider themselves Christians. Jehovah Witnesses do not celebrate certain holidays; Christmas and Easter are two of the mo st common holidays celebrated by other religious groups who consider themselves as Christians.According to Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania (2013), Jesus Christ commanded that we commemorate his death, not his resurrection or his birth. They also believe that there is no record of when Jesus was born and that Christmas was derived from Pagan religion and tradition and adopted by other religions (Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, 2013). Easter is to be considered a holiday not of God, and that by other Christians celebrating Easter they are offending God.According to Jehovah Witnesses beliefs Easter has to do with ancient fertility rites and the worship of the Sun and all the new life it can bring religions (Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, 2013). According to many religions involving Christianity, the Cross is a universal symbol used to identify their faith and Christianity. Jehovah’s witnesses believe that this does n ot symbolize a person’s faith or loyalty to God but, the cross is merely a created thing and that you can only show your love for God through self-sacrificing love, and that is the only true way to identify oneself as a follower of God.Jehovah’s Witnesses do not share the same beliefs as other religions that consider themselves Christian however, they do not disrespect other religions, and instead they try and educate people about their religion and beliefs hoping to show other people what they believe the correct way to follow God and his ways. Jehovah’s Witnesses that are baptized in this religion are required to follow the rules and beliefs and if they stray from those beliefs they could be shunned or dishonored from the religion and its followers.Jehovah’s Witnesses claim that all preachers and leaders of the congregation are all volunteers and any finances come out of their own pockets. Jehovah Witnesses believe that other religions perceive them as a cult or a group broken away from a religion. They perceive themselves as a religious group re-establishing the form of Christianity that was formed in the first century. They are very adamant that their teachings derive from the Bible itself and not any one person (Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, 2013).Jehovah’s Witnesses have contributed to American culture in a couple different ways, one being through disaster relief. Their assistance in disaster relief has helped both those of their religion and those not of their religion but, they take care of those within their faith/religion first. Jehovah’s Witnesses also played a big role in religious freedoms. For example, children saluting the flag in the classroom; Jehovah’s Witnesses brought a case to the Supreme Court stating that it violated First Amendment Rights (Burroughs, 2008-2013). Another way that Jehovah’s Witnesses has contributed to American culture is through the medical fi eld.Jehovah Witnesses cannot accept blood transfusions, so a Pennsylvania hospitals found ways to offer bloodless surgeries and procedures to Jehovah’s Witnesses; they have been doing this for over fifteen years. It is because of this and all the upgraded and growing technology that hospitals are able to offer bloodless surgeries to the public as well (Burroughs, 2008-2013). I have learned a great deal by researching and gathering information about Jehovah’s Witnesses. I realize that people that follow this religion are just practicing what they believe in and how they perceive the way that their God wants them to live their lives.I may not agree with some of their beliefs or practices but, it is not my religion and I respect their decisions to follow their faith how they choose. Hispanics and Latinos make up a large portion of America today. According to the United States Census Bureau, in the year 2010, sixteen percent of all Americans were of Hispanic or Latino dece nt (Ennis, Rios-Vargas, & Albert, 2011), so this race/ethnicity is definitely adding to American culture and way of life. Heritage has the same meaning no matter what your race or ethnicity; heritage refers to the customs and traditions that are handed down from generation to generation.Hispanics and Latinos speak a language called Spanish, not all do but, majority know how to speak, read and write in Spanish. Hispanics and Latinos are known for some most excellent tasting foods, this is part of their heritage. Their food is known for its robust flavors and for being spicy. Common foods that Hispanics and Latinos are known for are dishes like; moles (pronounced moh-lay), tamales, tortillas and carna asada to name a few. Unlike other races or ethnicities, Hispanic and Latinos are known for their elaborate celebrations.They like to celebrate major life events, and they do so very elegantly with bright colors, music and dancing. It is very common at Hispanic/Latino celebration to see M ariachi’s; these are dancers and musicians playing Mexican folklore music and having dancers in native bright colorful dresses. It really is quite beautiful to see and hear. Other things that Hispanics and Latinos have brought to American culture are things like crafts, such as terra cotta pots or planter and sculptures and also pinatas, a paper mache decoration that hold candies and toys.Hispanics and Latinos have added a so much to American culture not only with their traditions but also with their religious beliefs. Hispanics and Latinos are very religious, majority share the religion of Catholic. The main celebrations of Hispanic religion are: Lent called, Cuaresma; Holy Week called, Semana Santa; Christmas called, La Navidad; Three Kings Day or Los Tres Reyes Magos. Some Americans and other races/ethnicities also share and celebrate these holidays as well. Hispanics and Latinos have had a very difficult road with migration to American. They often run across difficulties with regard to discrimination and prejudice.Many Americans believe that Hispanics and Latinos have taken away jobs and that they have sought American government aid that should be only available to American citizens. Still today Hispanics and Latinos endure discrimination and prejudice. Some discriminate or are prejudice against them because of their skin color, the language they speak and because they have large families. Other reasons they are discriminated against them is through employment, some feel it is okay to pay Hispanics or Latinos smaller wages; especially if they are in the country illegally, people degrade them and pay them little amounts of money for labor/work.

The Power of Prayer

On the afternoon of June 5th (2011), I was hurrying toward central London in a cold rain. Soon, more and more of the people I passed were Japanese people in formal dress, a somewhat unusual thing to see in a foreign city. The line of Japanese people crossed the busy road and entered the famous Westminster Abbey. We had come to join in the Great East Japan Earthquake Memorial Service being held in the abbey. When I mention Westminster Abbey, the first thing that probably comes to mind is the magnificent royal wedding that recently took place there.At the same place where the people of Britain prayed for the happiness of the newlyweds, we Japanese people were going to pray for the victims of the earthquake, and for the restoration of our homeland. The Japanese flag flown high above the abbey signified that this service was being conducted for the people of Japan. As a student living in London, I heard about the Tohoku Earthquake at dawn on March 11. Even now, I vividly remember turning on the BBC news and instantly snapping out of my sleepy state. At first, I didn't understand what had happened.But as I watched images of the events, I got goose bumps all over my body, and was at a loss for words. When a horrific photo of the disaster-struck area covered the front page of the next day's newspaper, I once again felt the gravity of the situation. People in Britain were quick to take action. They immediately set up various charities, and collected relief funds and donations for the affected areas. On the front page of one newspaper was the red sun of the Japanese flag with the Japanese words â€Å"‚ ªÃ¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ ±Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ÃƒÅ½Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ ªÃ¢â‚¬Å"à ºÃ¢â‚¬â€œ{ A‚ ªÃ¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ ± ‚΂à ªÃ¢â‚¬Å"Œ–k (Ganbare Nippon, Ganbare Tohoku: Don't give up Japan, Don't give up Tohoku).†People I did not know were giving me encouragement. I think this kindness of the British people was the driving force behind the service I was attending. Th e ceremony was carried out with solemnity. Passages from the Bible were read; hymns and pipe organ music echoed from the high ceilings of the sanctuary. As the program proceeded, to my surprise, Kenji Miyazawa's poem Ame ni mo makezu (Be not Defeated by the Rain) was read aloud. The power of its words struck me deeply. It dawned on me that this, too, is a form of prayer. Up until then, I had thought of prayer as putting one's hands together or kneeling down in devotion to God.I realized, however, that there are other forms of prayer as well. Surely, anyone listening to this reading must have prayed for the advent of a safe and peaceful world, and envisioned a vigorous rebuilding of Japan. I felt the poem quietly guiding our spirit, and uniting the hearts of all those in attendance. I think what is meant by prayer is ‘the power of thought. ‘ Even Japan's restoration and rebirth cannot begin without thoughts. It is through thoughts that action takes place. People say that prayer alone will not change anything, but in times of crisis, I think it is what we need most.Indeed, all I can do at present is pray, but it seems to me that this is by no means an insignificant force. When all of us who had gathered at Westminster Abbey united our hearts and prayed together, I believe that our thoughts became a great force that reached the areas affected by the disaster. Another thing that moved me was the international cooperation. I could feel intensely the kindness of the British people toward Japan, and their strong desire to help. Many people are praying for the restoration of Japan and the happiness of its people.Amidst this, I feel that I have caught a glimpse of the true warmth of international cooperation. This great disaster has brought about changes in me. It led me to reconsider the meaning of prayer, which I had only experienced in form, and to learn what true prayer really is. I was also able to understand the spirit underlying the words ‘inte rnational cooperation,' which I had previously understood as merely a political term. In the future, I hope to use this ‘power of thought' that I keenly felt during recent events to reach out to the international community. The ‘power of prayer' and ‘power of thought' are infinite. The Power of Prayer On the afternoon of June 5th (2011), I was hurrying toward central London in a cold rain. Soon, more and more of the people I passed were Japanese people in formal dress, a somewhat unusual thing to see in a foreign city. The line of Japanese people crossed the busy road and entered the famous Westminster Abbey. We had come to join in the Great East Japan Earthquake Memorial Service being held in the abbey. When I mention Westminster Abbey, the first thing that probably comes to mind is the magnificent royal wedding that recently took place there.At the same place where the people of Britain prayed for the happiness of the newlyweds, we Japanese people were going to pray for the victims of the earthquake, and for the restoration of our homeland. The Japanese flag flown high above the abbey signified that this service was being conducted for the people of Japan. As a student living in London, I heard about the Tohoku Earthquake at dawn on March 11. Even now, I vividly remember turning on the BBC news and instantly snapping out of my sleepy state. At first, I didn't understand what had happened.But as I watched images of the events, I got goose bumps all over my body, and was at a loss for words. When a horrific photo of the disaster-struck area covered the front page of the next day's newspaper, I once again felt the gravity of the situation. People in Britain were quick to take action. They immediately set up various charities, and collected relief funds and donations for the affected areas. On the front page of one newspaper was the red sun of the Japanese flag with the Japanese words â€Å"‚?‚n‚I‚eâ€Å"u–{?A‚?‚n ‚I‚eâ€Å"?–k (Ganbare Nippon, Ganbare Tohoku: Don't give up Japan, Don't give up Tohoku).â€Å"People I did not know were giving me encouragement. I think this kindness of the British people was the driving force behind the service I was attending. The ceremony was carried out with so lemnity. Passages from the Bible were read; hymns and pipe organ music echoed from the high ceilings of the sanctuary. As the program proceeded, to my surprise, Kenji Miyazawa's poem Ame ni mo makezu (Be not Defeated by the Rain) was read aloud. The power of its words struck me deeply. It dawned on me that this, too, is a form of prayer. Up until then, I had thought of prayer as putting one's hands together or kneeling down in devotion to God.I realized, however, that there are other forms of prayer as well. Surely, anyone listening to this reading must have prayed for the advent of a safe and peaceful world, and envisioned a vigorous rebuilding of Japan. I felt the poem quietly guiding our spirit, and uniting the hearts of all those in attendance. I think what is meant by prayer is ‘the power of thought. ‘ Even Japan's restoration and rebirth cannot begin without thoughts. It is through thoughts that action takes place. People say that prayer alone will not change anyth ing, but in times of crisis, I think it is what we need most.Indeed, all I can do at present is pray, but it seems to me that this is by no means an insignificant force. When all of us who had gathered at Westminster Abbey united our hearts and prayed together, I believe that our thoughts became a great force that reached the areas affected by the disaster. Another thing that moved me was the international cooperation. I could feel intensely the kindness of the British people toward Japan, and their strong desire to help. Many people are praying for the restoration of Japan and the happiness of its people.Amidst this, I feel that I have caught a glimpse of the true warmth of international cooperation. This great disaster has brought about changes in me. It led me to reconsider the meaning of prayer, which I had only experienced in form, and to learn what true prayer really is. I was also able to understand the spirit underlying the words ‘international cooperation,' which I ha d previously understood as merely a political term. In the future, I hope to use this ‘power of thought' that I keenly felt during recent events to reach out to the international community. The ‘power of prayer' and ‘power of thought' are infinite.

Imitation a story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Imitation a story - Essay Example The main objective of writing a script is to be clear, concise and accurate. First, the headline is expected to give a summary of the story and catches the attention of the reader (Simnet & reed 2). The lead paragraph should consist of simple sentences. Moreover, the sentences should be constructed using one subject and one verb. The writer is expected to avoid the use of words such as however or furthermore as they complicate the sentence. The first paragraph is expected to contain a placeline. A placeline captures the attention of the reader and introduces the story. The 5 W’s of writing should be answered with the first paragraph. The 5W consists of questions such as what happened, Where, Why and Who (Simnett & Reed 2). The first paragraph contains the most important information about the story. The script is also expected to transition smoothly from one paragraph to the next. The writer should avoid repetition and is encouraged to use direct quotations as they add to the a ccuracy of the information. The simple sentence structure is Subject-Verb-Object (Allen 13). The story should be based on factual events. The language of the article should not describe the news. The writer is expected to let the listeners decide whether the news is good or bad (Allen 14). Pompeii - 2000 people died owing to a volcanic eruption in the Italian region of Campania. The eruption of Mt. Vesavius occurred on Tuesday at 4:15am. The eruption occurred unexpectedly destroying the entire city in its wake. A spokesman for the refugees of the city claimed that people were unprepared for the unexpected tragedy. One witness told BBC that the inhabitants of the city were reluctant to leave their homes, believing that the impact of the eruption would not affect them. On a visit to the region of Campania, the Senator said, â€Å"Only the gods can explain why this catastrophe would befall such a beautiful city.† The senator told the citizens of Campania that the tragedy was an

Global Banking Operations and Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Global Banking Operations and Strategy - Essay Example The following ratios are calculated to evaluate the capital adequacy of RBS (Refer to Appendix 1 for the calculation of ratios) (Bhayani, 2006) From the above figure it is evident that the CAR of RBS has been fluctuating over the years. The highest CAR has been 15% (in 2008 and 2012). The capital resources of RBS comprise Tier 1 and Tier 2. Thus, it can be inferred that 15% of capital (Tiers) of RBS is needed for protecting its risk weighted assets in 2012 ( Hilbers, Krueger and Moretti, 2000). From the above figure it can analysed that the debt equity ratio of the bank has decreased over the years from 2008 to 2012. It can be noticed that RBS has been aggressive in 2008 regarding financing. However, the decrease in the debt equity ratio reflects the fact that RBS has become more conservative in financing its capital through debt (Grier, 2007). The asset quality is a vital factor for gauging the strength of a bank (Pastory and Mutaju, 2013). The main aim is to ensure the component of non-performing asset as percentage of total asset (Refer to Appendix 2 for the calculation of ratios). The ratio gauges the efficiency of the bank for assessing its credit risk and debt recovery (Wagner and Knaup, 2008). NNPA refers to the loans that are about to become default once the borrower fails to make the interest payment (Godlewski, 2003). From the above figure it is evident that the net performing asset has decreased over the year which means the numbers of customers who are not able to pay the interest have decreased. This reflects the fact that RBS has been performing well over the 5 years (Hoshi, Kashyap. and Scharfstein, 2009). From the above figure it is evident that the bank has concentrated in investing their assets over the years so that they can earn profitable return out of it. However, according to the graph, the total investment has reduced over the years. The decrease in total assets may be predicted as the increase in liabilities for

The Concept of Knowledge Management Research Paper

The Concept of Knowledge Management - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that knowledge management refers to the process that organizations often use to capture, develop, share, and utilize the employees’ knowledge capital at all levels of the organization effectively. Organizational learning through knowledge management is a significant source of an organizational competitive advantage since multinational corporates must compete within complex and constantly shift business environments. Organizations can leverage knowledge management in their strategic operations, to make more informed decisions concerning how to organize their value chain operations to maximize customer satisfaction. Knowledge management enables organizations to improve their processes in terms of effectiveness, efficiency, as well as innovativeness, in the creation of value in form of quality products and services for customers. Avoiding wastage, sharing relevant best practices, and conducting corporate learning programs are ways throu gh which the firm can apply knowledge management systems in the sales, marketing, manufacturing, and production processes. Key challenges in the establishment of knowledge management systems within the organizations’ operational structure include the problem of acquiring, modeling, and retrieving, reusing, and publishing, as well as maintaining knowledge. Organizations today are continuously faced with a rapidly shifting global business environment, partly due to globalization and the fast-changing technological advancements, which prompts the need for leadership to respond fast to the increasing complexity and uncertainty. Enhancing the effectiveness and efficiency of organizational operations is positively correlated to the overall performance of the firm, and ultimately to the establishment of sustainable profitability and sustainability in the end. Organizations are increasingly adopting a knowledge-learning stance as their strategic approach to alleviating the numerous c hallenges in their operation chains, to achieve their objectives effectively and efficiently.

Marketing a Blackberry Phone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing a Blackberry Phone - Essay Example The researcher states that Blackberry is one of the most reliable cell phone manufacturing companies. It provides innovative, stylish, and reliable mobile phones to the customers. The paper tells that some of the biggest attractions of Blackberry mobile phones include enhanced connectivity, excellent camera results, and a long battery time. The present research has identified that the target audience for the new Blackberry mobile phone will be the middle-class people, college students, money spenders, young children. This paper illustrates that the phone includes all such features that a high priced mobile phone includes. According to the study conducted, the only difference is the price of the phone. This essay discusses that the price has been kept low in order to make it affordable for the people who do not enough money to buy a reliable phone. The target group is not just local customers from the United States; rather the product will be made available to international customers through online services. The author has rightly presented that the new Blackberry phone, which we are going to advertise, has a number of attractive features and qualities, which make this product different from many of its competitors. Although such features can be found in some of the latest mobile phones manufactured by other companies but they cannot meet the level of quality and reliability provided by the Blackberry 9380 GSM Cellular Phone.

Global Issues in Youth and Community Development Essay

Global Issues in Youth and Community Development - Essay Example One of the ways this is achieved is through enhancement of local-global development themes that can be practiced locally through learning from the larger global context; this is particularly because globalization has transformed the world into a ‘global village’ (Sallah, 2014, p.6). Technological developments in communication now enables youth across the world to learn from each other and interact in real time through social networks and other platforms that are increasingly being used to enhance community development education (Bourn and McCollum, 1995, p.26). The main theme under discussion in this paper and for which an education manual will be prepared is self-enhancement of youth through small and micro enterprise. Self-enhancement of youth through enterprise is a theme that has been promoted and encouraged in the local and global contexts in many countries across the globe (Bourn, 2008, p.11). As indicated above, many programs and projects continue to emerge in both developed and developing countries across the world with the aim of streamlining the energy and innovativeness of youth towards socio-economic development (Cohen et al., 2013). Globalization and the internet have brought about the concept of the ‘global village’, this is based on the fact that is now possible for communication to take place between people globally in real time. Young people can therefore be able to learn what their peers are doing at the local level in other parts of the world while they are also able to share their activities through the sam e channel to a global audience (Sallah, 2014, p.8). This implies that youth can learn from each other globally as well as locally with regard to development of small and micro enterprises for their socio-economic enhancement and advancement of their communities. Youth self-enhancement through enterprise is a significantly useful theme as it targets the most active and viable portion of

Implement excellent marketing strategies Assignment

Implement excellent marketing strategies - Assignment Example The most crucial issues related to the decision making methodologies involves the concept of integrated marketing communications to be the best weapon for the marketing managers to come up with good marketing plans to build strong brands. These strong brands form the best solution to overcome any form of competition from the rivals in the global economy. Marketing communications define the set of diverse communication strategies implemented to market the products and services of a company. The communication strategies play a vital role in making or breaking the value of the product in the market. The directors of the company push the marketing managers to extremes in order to obtain the estimated results. These estimated results definitely relate to the position of the company in the global market. Marketing communications comprises of Advertising media, branding of a product, building customer relationships, promotion of a brand, sales promotion so on (Frost & Sullivan, n.d.). All these factors specified play a major role in the construction of good brands by the marketing managers for the products under production. Now-a-days consumers are always looking for various services provided by the producers. Production of a particular product has become a dependent factor based on consumer demand (Kate Maddox, 2006). Major concentration of the marketing strategies deals with the methodologies involved over communicating the apt information concerning a product to the consumer. These communications form the backbone of the brand image formed for a product based on the idea developed in the consumers mind regarding the various features associated with the product. A consumer is always driven by a brand that ensures the quality of the product and also provides easy methods of gaining the appropriate information without any hurdles. The consumer prefers to gather all the necessary information within no time; this can be the best opportunity for the producers to provide all the information with apt details and also present a demonstration of the product functionality to gain the customers loyalty. This sort of communication helps the company to build a huge set of loyal customers who prioritize the brand options and always get back to the brand that they are confident about. Building a Strong Brand Brand is considered as a promise made to the consumer by the producer over the quality of the products and services that they offer to the customer. This is basically the major factor that defines the quality associated with the products the company manufactures (Tom Blackett, 2004). Brand image has become a matter of prestige and pride to the consumers of this new era. Brands provide the authentication over the quality of the product to the consumer in order to make the purchases confidently out of the wide variety of choices. As they say there is no free meal in this world, the consumers prefer to invest their hard earned money into products that perform up to their expectations. Consumer satisfaction

Homr Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Homr Work - Essay Example where an independent contractor meets the requirements set by IRS for an employee, the company can be required to make a number of costly interventions. Firstly, according to the provisions of Fair Labor Standards Act, the employer may be required to pay wages to the workers; this may include all the employee benefits such as overtime payments, health insurance and retirement benefits among others. Secondly, the company may be required to pay all the penalties and taxes for unemployment, employees’ income taxes, social security, and Medicare to both the federal and the state governments. Thirdly, the employer is required to meet all the necessary compensations that are misclassified for any employee that is injured in the course of work. In view of these consequences, the employer should state clearly whether the workers are employees or independent contractors as well defined by the IRS Publication 937. As an advisor to Friendly Cab Company, the level of control against the workers out rightly makes them be considered as employees. The company seems to have full control over the workers, an aspect that should not be the case as provided by IRS. The workers should be allowed to choose their dress code, they should have the freewill to place advertisements, they should have the freedom to contact customers directly through their cell phones, and they should be allowed the entrepreneurial freedom such as employing others. These restrictions makes the drivers to be independent from the employer as it is should be the case for independent contractors. In addition to these, training for the workers should be guided by the principles of the business and not the needs of employer. This too adds to the level of control that the employer has upon the drivers. If this level of control is eliminated, then the drivers would operate as independent contractors. The company is obliged to change the following in order to ensure that its workers are fully considered as

Impacts of two UD in World City Essay Example for Free

Impacts of two UD in World City Essay Sydney is a world city that currently has urban dynamics operating in it. Sydney is located on the coast in the South-East quadrant of Australia. Urban Decay and Renewal is clearly evident in Pyrmont – Ultimo, a suburb located with in a kilometre from the CBD. Rhodes , further to the north west of Pyrmont, is also under going Urban Decay and Renewal. The silicon corridor is an area of places where companies have decided to suburbanise some of their office blocks due to the cheaper land. The corridor originates in North Sydney and goes in a north westerly direction from there, passing through Chatswood and North Ryde The impacts of both these Urban dynamics are clear and evident in the area in which they are operating. Urban decay, the deterioration of the urban environment, and urban renewal, the redevelopment of these areas so that they better meet the needs of people, are clearly evident in the suburbs of Pyrmont-Ultimo and the Rhodes peninsula. The Pyrmont-Ultimo area was a place full of finger wharves and was used as the primary hub of docks. It experienced a huge growth in industry and port facilities before the introduction of larger ships made the area redundant. The blue collar workers who worked on the docks therefore lived in the area packed up and looked for more work. This in effect made the area old and abandoned. The buildings became useless, out of date and redundant. The 1970s and 80s was the prime time of decay in the area. Due to the proximity of the Pyrmont area to the Sydney CBD and its potential to better meet the needs of people and businesses, the New South Wales government decided to renew the area. 1994 – 2004 was the decade of renewal and saw the area gain much more interest. The difference was the renewal of the area brought very different people and companies to what where there previously. White collar mangers and professionals with either no spouse, or a small family decided to live here, mainly due to two things. The proximity to the CBD meant they could easily travel to and from their work in the CBD to home and the second reason was that the type of work that attracted them was now in the Pyrmont area. Crown Casino, Channel 7 and Google are a few companies that chose to relocate to the Pyrmont area. The  impacts of this renewal is it has lead to the area becoming a lot mote productive which was done by the population growth and growth in jobs. Another area currently going through urban decay and renewal is the Rhodes peninsula. The area had been associated with Sydneys industrial history since the 1900s when in 1928 Timbrol, a chemical making company, decided to relocate there. After then many more companies in a similar industry decided to move there as well. The chemical era in Rhodes had stopped by the 1980s but the land was unable to house residential apartments because of the contamination left by the chemical plants, it therefore went into decay. This left a large spot of 23ha unable to be used for any type of commercial, residential or industrial buildings. In the late 90s the area was recognised for its potential and was fully redeveloped, getting rid of any chemicals that may have been there from the factories. The result of the redevelopment has seen many more companies of a commercial type want to have offices there. This increased the interest to live in the area, which therefore made developers build many more high to mid density buildings in the area. Like Pyrmont-Ultimo the people who lived in the area are mainly single or have little families. However, due to the combination of land economics and the location of Rhodes from the CBD, the land is considerably cheaper for both commercial and residential use. What this means is the area is readily more available for other people.

Intermediation Process and the Allocation of Resources

Intermediation Process and the Allocation of Resources The importance of the financial system in facilitating economic development cannot be overstated. Banks and other financial institutions have a key role in the efficient allocation of resources and as such, sound financial systems are systemically important to the economic viability of a country. The Asian Financial crisis of 1997-98 brought home the significance of financial sector soundness by highlighting the consequences of underlying weaknesses in the financial sector and the negative impact that weak financial sectors could have on stakeholders, particularly the depositors. Sound financial system is therefore not only important for the welfare of the financial entities themselves, but it is also of vital importance to the growth of individual economies. In allocating resources in an economy, financial institutions must assess competing demands for funds and prioritize the analysis of risk. Improper decisions about financing activities, that is, which activities to finance and which not to finance, (depending on which activities will bring the best risk-adjusted return), can have a crucial negative long-term impact on economic prospects. Sound investment decisions are vital ingredients in fostering economic growth and development. These decisions therefore should produce feasible outcomes not only for the financial intermediary but also for the economy. Investment should be for productive purposes and should be deployed for the common good. Financial intermediaries should also have a harmonious relationship with the macro-economic space within which they operate. For example, in the nineteenth century, Britain was seen as the most successful economy and was the home to the worlds most successful financial centre at the time. This was not only due to the fact that London had developed expertise in assessing risk and in allocating financial resources efficiently, but also to the fact that the macro economic environment was conducive to the operation of financial intermediaries operating in the financial centre. The assessment of risk also assists financial institutions to be individually more competitive with their peers. This results in a more efficient process of capital allocation in addition to engendering more prudent practices. Financial intermediaries that can assess risk and allocate resources efficiently will outperform those less skilled in this regard. Effective competition should reduce borrowing costs and help to diversify financial risk within the economy. However, to ensure that banks are performing as intended, an effective regulatory framework must exist. The importance of adequately capitalized financial institutions to underwrite appropriate risks in their portfolios cannot be over emphasised. If financial intermediaries undertake too little risk, then potentially efficient projects may be starved of capital and if they undertake too much risk, then less efficient projects may consume capital that could be used for more viable projects. The role of regulators in providing effective oversight for the sector and be able to respond appropriately to changes in the financial environment becomes even more important. William J McDonough (1998) postulates that a nation must be able to mobilize domestic savings and other sources of funds that are needed to finance investment and other productive expenditures[1]. This requires the development of an effective banking system that transfers surplus funds of households and businesses to borrowers and investors. He further argues that, fair and impartial allocation of credit accommodates the economic development that results in improved national living standards. According to McDonough: financial intermediation is particularly important in the context of most emerging market countries given the relative scarcity of savings, a relatively under-banked population, and large-scale investment needs. The banking sector in emerging market countries also tends to be more concentrated and represents a larger share of the domestic financial system. Consequently, issues in the banking sector have an amplified effect on the economy and on the fiscal costs associated with bank rescues. Importantly, current developments in western economies are anchored in a robust financial sector development.. Consequently, the relationship between economic growth and financial sector health are now more closely linked than ever before. Some of these linkages or interrelationships are further explored in this thesis from the perspective of risk relationships. The demands of the changing business environment emphasize the importance of effective risk management practices in banking institutions. Financial intermediaries continue to face tremendous unrelenting pressures regarding pricing decisions, increase in service expectations from customers, regulators and shareholders. There is also a demand for more sophisticated products and services, new regulatory requirements, improved capital standards, more capital injection and the introduction of new technologies and systems. Technology is important in supporting new and flexible risk relationship structures in the areas of credit, market, liquidity and operational risk management. Advanced technologies are often used by intermediaries to identify, quantify and monitor risks. The employment of these technologies also comes with their own attendant risk exposures and as such significant investments and focus have been placed (particularly in recent times) on operational risk management issues from both regulatory and financial intermediary perspectives. Risk management must be seen as an integrated process and as such managing existing relationships, developing new relationships and leveraging the value of all risks relationships are critical to the management of overall risk exposures. It is important therefore that the approach which institutions and regulators take in managing risk, be relational. Both the qualitative and quantitative aspects of risk management must find consensus within the same framework. No longer should institutions view risk as an isolated and individualized structure with separate and mutually exclusive elements but risk should be managed as a system, which is intricate, collaborative and bound by mutual responsibilities. Banking Supervision The identification, assessment, and promotion of sound risk-management practices have become central elements of good supervisory practice. Risk management has evolved as a discipline that is driven both by the private sector (made up of banking institutions and other market participants) and public sector (especially Regulatory Authorities and Banking Supervision). The relationship between the private sectors interest in economic capital and the public sectors interest in regulatory capital should be identified and managed in a framework that ensures optimization. With regard to the management of risks and risk relationships, several key innovations have been made by the private sector over the years. These are evident in the way financial intermediaries have ordered their balance sheets to respond to various risk stimuli and impulses both internally and externally. Additionally, the private sector has been the driving force behind the development of sophisticated tools used to identify, measure and manage risk relationships. The public sector on the other hand, has been at the forefront in the development of best practice standards and principles used to guide financial intermediaries. For years, the public sector has been playing a pivotal role in preventing the total collapse of the entire financial systems in their capacity of lender of last resort. The regulatory and supervisory arms of the public sector have taken the lead in identifying emerging issues through their approach to supervision of financial intermediaries. Several regulatory bodies routinely performs on-site inspections and examinations as well as off-site monitoring and surveillance of banks and other financial institutions to assess risks and provide feedback to the financial intermediaries board and management. These reviews include the assessment of policies and procedures in place to guide risk management; the assessment of governance and internal controls and the assessment of capital adequacy, asset quality, earnings and liquidity and sensitivities to risks. Reviews could also include comparisons of peer institutions coupled with the establishment of guidelines that codify evolving practices. Yellen (2005)[2] argued that although banks and bank supervisors have different motives, which certainly can lead to differing views about the appropriate levels of risks, they also have a common interest in having accurate measures of risk and in focusing on the processes and techniques for identifying and managing risks. According to Alan Greenspan (2004),[3] the growth in the size and complexity of the largest US and foreign banking organizations, in particular, has substantially affected financial markets and supervisory and regulatory practices. He further states that authorities are required to focus more than before on the internal processes and controls of these institutions and on their ability to manage risk. According to Greenspan, the regulatory authorities must provide the industry with proper incentives to invest in risk-management systems that are necessary to compete successfully in an increasingly competitive and efficient global market.[4] The Basel Frameworks Over the last two decades, the system of bank capital standards has been the Basel Capital Adequacy Standard, known as the Basel I framework, which was established internationally in 1988. The Basel I standard came out of the banking supervision sub-group of the Bank for International Settlement (BIS). The Banking subgroup is made up of supervisors from the G10 countries. This group has been charged with the responsibility for setting bank standards around the world, which it does predominantly through the development and implementation of the Basel Core Principles for Banking Supervision. The Basel I framework was particularly geared towards credit risks in banking institutions and resulted in higher capital levels, a more equitable international marketplace and the relating of regulatory capital requirements to risk appetite and risk profile. The Basel framework is a dynamic one to which bank as supervisors continue to make important adjustments from time to time. For example, the 1988 Capital Accord was amended subsequently to incorporate a market risk component. Bernanke (2005)[5] argues that advances in risk management and the increasing complexity of financial activities have prompted international supervisors to review the appropriateness of the regulatory capital standards under Basel I, particularly for the largest and most complex banking organizations. Bernanke states further that supervisors recognize that some of the largest and most complex banking organizations have already moved well beyond Basel I in the sophistication of their risk management and internal capital models. The gap between the determinants of minimum regulatory capital (under Basel I) and the levels of risks that financial institutions were taking on began to widen, as risk relationships continue to become more complex and risk-management practices continue to evolve. Several innovations have sought to collectively reinforce this gap and indeed the relationship (regulatory capital/risk appetite) between the public sector and the private sector has also being mutually reinforced. These innovations have predominantly being originated by bankers in the private sector and not by Supervisors. Bankers and Risk Managers had developed models that encompass their processes, procedures, and techniques, including statistical models for assessing risks in their portfolios. These innovations by the private sector were seen as state of the art risk management tools which the public sector could use and as such Regulators began to leverage the risk management techniques that banks were using to address shortfalls in Basel I. This phenomenon helped to push the Basel Committee back to the drawing board to create the new capital adequacy standards for internationally active banks, known as Basel II. Bernanke (2006)[6] argues that the new framework links the risk taking of large banking organizations to their regulatory capital in a more meaningful way than does Basel I and encourages further progress in risk management. It does this by building on the risk-measurement and risk-management practices of the most sophisticated banking organizations and providing incentives for further improvements. When this framework is applied consistently across internationally active banks, Supervisors can easily identify shortfalls in the relationship between banks capital and risk levels. Banking institutions with capital levels that are not commensurate with their risk profile and risk levels would be subjected to closer assessment and monitoring. Additionally, Basel II has provided the Supervisor with an added tool, under the supervisory review process (Pillar II) to assess risks in the banking system. The new capital accord, Basel II, with its three pillars, will hopefully enhance and strengthen the process of risk management in banking institutions. Internationally active banks, and other banks and investment businesses in jurisdictions in which regulatory authorities deem it prudent to bring these institutions in scope, should expect significant revisions and modifications in their internal policies used to identify, measure, manage and report on risks. Not only should improvements be seen in risk management policies, but the process and general procedural framework would also see improvements. In this regards, banks and other financial institutions should envisage changes in their system used to capture and report on risks. Under Pillar I, changes are expected I the risk weights assigned to the credit portfolios, particularly, residential mortgages and as such banks could see some reduction in charges as weights for some categories are reduced. The reporting of market risks and operational risks should also improve as banks garner more granular data on its expected losses and risk exposures. In preparation for the supervisory review process (Pillar II) to be conducted by the regulatory authorities, banks should see significant improvements in their risk management practices as they subject their internal capital adequacy models to greater levels of scrutiny to ensure that the capital cover is adequate for all the material risks identified, their risk appetite, and risk exposures. The use of stress testing on both the banks investment and credit portfolios under the pillar II process should also seek to strengthen the institutions approach to deal with adverse down turn and general deterioration in some macro economic variables in the economies in which the banks operate. This should push banks to increase capital levels to cushion expected losses. Pillar III implementation under the new capital accord should also foster greater improvements in the risk management, policies, processes, and procedures of banking institutions as banks become more transparent in their efforts to disclose more information on the profile of risks, risk exposures and capital levels to their stakeholders. The Sub-prime Mortgage Crisis The conditions that gave rise to the current sub-prime mortgage crisis provides ample evidence to support the pressing need for both private and public sector, financial institutions and supervisors, to understand the nature and nexus of risk relationships and regulatory capital. The crisis also provide an opportunity for financial institutions and regulators to explore the risk relationships and risk dynamics existing within and outside of financial intermediaries, as well as the impact that failure to properly identify and assess risk exposures in financial institutions can have on the global financial system and economic growth and development in a particular country. The ongoing economic problem resulting from the sub-prime mortgage crisis has manifested itself through liquidity issues in the global banking system. The credit crisis has its genesis in the bursting of the US housing bubble and the subsequent high default rates on sub-prime or other adjustable rate mortgages, made to borrowers with higher risk profile and lower income levels, instead of to borrowers who are considered prime borrowers with higher income and good credit history. Borrowers were encouraged to take up mortgages based on the attractive housing incentives that led them to believe that notwithstanding the long term trend of rising housing prices, they would be able to refinance these mortgages at more favourable terms in the future. During 2006 however, the prices of houses started to fall, albeit moderately and as such, the possibility of refinancing was becoming more remote. Consequently, the interest rates on the adjustable rate mortgages (ARM) that the sub-prime borrow ers were able to obtain began to reset at the higher rate resulting in a significant increase in defaults and foreclosures. In 2007, foreclosure activities increased by approximately 80 percent over the 2006 figures as nearly 1.3 million United States housing properties were subjected to foreclosure activities. Major banks and other financial institutions globally reported losses of approximately US $379 billion towards the end of the first half of 2008. The first set of financial institutions to be impacted was mortgage lenders that retained the risk of payment default (credit risk). Several third party investors were also affected, as mortgage lenders had passed on the credit default risks arising from the rights to the mortgage payments through mortgage backed securities (MBS) and collateralized debt obligations (CDO). Individuals, institutional investors and other corporate entities holding MBS or CDO were now faced with significant losses as the value of the underlying mortgage assets declined. The sub-prime mortgage crisis also exposed financial institutions to liquidity risks as lenders were forced to reduce lending activities or grant loans at higher interest rates. The higher interest rate loans restricted the ability of corporations to obtain funds through the issuance of commercial paper, thereby posing liquidity challenges for several institutions. As a result, central banks, in their role of lenders of last resort, were forced to take action to provide funds to the banking sector so as to stimulate the commercial paper market and to encourage the resumption of lending to borrowers with good credit profile. The rate at which economies grew was also impacted by the credit crisis as business investments and consumer spending were curtailed due to the general unavailability of loans or the high cost of loans in cases where it was available. The United States government responded by cutting the federal reserve interest rates as well as proposing its economic stimulus package which was passed by congress in February 2008. This was necessary to alter the risk exposure to the broader economy brought on by the credit crisis and the related downturn in the housing market. Research Problem and Hypothesis While the benefits of risk management and positive risk relationships have been increasingly recognized in financial sectors worldwide, this study postulates that (i) risk relationships have not been sufficiently explored in the region and current risk management practices in the Caribbean have not kept pace with international trends on financial risk management and (ii) levels of capital being held by financial intermediaries in the Caribbean could be deemed inadequate to mitigate risk exposures. It could also be argued that where there are high levels of risk exposures in financial intermediaries in the region, the impact of risk mitigating factors are low and risk management policies, processes and procedures are less than robust. Additionally, risk exposures and regulatory capital might vary according to core business activities, risk categories or geographic location. In recognition of the existence of these relational gaps and the need to bridge them, this study will introduce principles, procedures, approaches, models and concepts in risk management, and concentrate on those risks inherent in the financial intermediaries balance sheet or risks associated with various elements of financial activities and environment. The writer will analyse the risk profile of financial intermediaries and their exposure to credit risks, funding/liquidity risks, interest rate risks and operational risk. The study also seeks to develop benchmarks for measuring risks in the region as well as a risk management scoring model with particular emphasis on the risk profile of Caribbean financial intermediaries. Sub-problems The first sub-problem is to ascertain the risk profile and relationship evident in financial intermediaries in Jamaica, Trinidad and Barbados, as well as those which may evolve consequent to the new Basel Capital Accord, Basel II, which is scheduled to be fully implemented by 2015 across all jurisdictions. The intention is to assess the risk profile and relationship in operation as a dynamic process and the likely impact of the capital accord on relevant financial entities. The second sub-problem is, using both the relevant and existing literature concerning risks, risk relationships and risk management and observation of current techniques, to ascertain throughout the course of the study, types of risk relationships that exist in credit, liquidity, interest rate and operational risk management in financial intermediaries. The third sub-problem is to provide the financial sector with a set of sound testable ideas that are systemically desirable and consistent with the future development of risk assessment. This will be done by reviewing the analyses outlined in the first two sub-problems, generating relevant model/framework of risk assessment, comparing the model/framework with real situation, identifying systemically desirable changes and documenting the results for the benefit of relevant stakeholders who are capable of applying change to the banking sector in general. Hypothesis The first hypothesis is that risk exposures (credit, liquidity, interest rate and operational risks) in financial intermediaries in Jamaica are relatively high when compared with Trinidad and Tobago and Barbados and could exhibit parasitic tendencies. This could impair the financial intermediaries ability to identify, measure, mitigate and monitor risks due to the fact that the internal control framework could be seen as less than robust. The second hypothesis is that there will be shortfalls in capital requirements specifically as a result of the introduction of the new Basel Capital Accord and more generally after taking account of specific risks not previously considered by financial intermediaries. The third hypothesis is that the cycle of analysis, application and testing will result in the implementation of rigorously defined early warning system for modelling and scoring risks and that this system will be adaptable to change, both outside and within the environment, and extendable to additional use. Justification for the Research Sound risk management practices, which include appropriate tools and techniques and the employment of relevant steps to assess risk exposure are at the heart of effective financial intermediation. However, many institutions are exposed to high levels of risks in their operations and few have put in place the relevant infrastructure to appropriately capture their risk exposures. According to the Government of Jamaica, Ministry of Finance (1998)[7]: the financial distress experienced in the mid nineties was in several ways due to the fact that many domestic financial institutions did not have the necessary risk and financial management capabilities to carefully assess the risk. As a result, they were left holding real estate and other long-term assets that could not be easily disposed of to meet their short-term obligations. The Ministry highlighted the fact that: banks in Jamaica tended to invest in enterprises that were outside the scope of their core business which had the following implication: The banks entered sectors in which their management did not have the requisite skills or expertise. The banks, when lending to related parties or parties under common control either (i) made poor and biased credit decisions; or (ii) invested in companies on less than arms length terms resulting in poorly secured loans. The banks, in many instances had fund investments in non-core businesses with short-term borrowing instruments with guaranteed high interest rates. As a result, many non-core business had to contend with an unsustainable capital structure that relied heavily on high cost loans with relatively short maturities[8]. Many studies have highlighted the risk management practices, including techniques and tools used to identify, measure, mitigate and monitor risks in industrial countries. However, few studies (note the researcher is not aware of any at the time of preparing this thesis) have sought to understand and explain the risk exposures, risk relationships and risk management practices in financial intermediaries in the Caribbean, particularly Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica and Barbados. The study utilizes a novel approach to analyse risk exposures and risk relationships, which has not been evidenced in the literature generally and definitely not seen in research on risk management in the Caribbean region. The risk profile of financial intermediaries are analysed using ratio analysis and statistical techniques including the standard deviation and arithmetic mean coupled with a five-point scale response to determine risk relationships based on a biological science description. This study will document over a ten-year period, sectoral differences in risk exposure reflected in the balance sheets and income statements of commercial banks, merchant banks, trust companies and building societies in three Caribbean countries. The results of the research will provide a sound set of ideas for the management of risks in these institutions in emerging markets. It will also provide an enduring account of risk relationships and the implications of sound risk management practices in general. Thesis Outline and Methodology The study examines the risk management framework in emerging markets in the Caribbean region. The focus will be limited to three jurisdictions in the Caribbean region. These are Jamaica, Trinidad Tobago and Barbados. This paper takes account of four types of deposit taking financial institutions Commercial Banks, Trust Merchant Banks, Finance Companies and Building Societies. There are 8 financial intermediaries across the three jurisdictions. Elite interviews were also conducted with senior management in sixteen (16) financial institutions in Trinidad and Barbados. Interviews were held with select senior management executives in the financial institutions. Among the executives interviewed were CEOs, Senior Vice Presidents, Risk Managers, Credit Managers, Operations Managers and Treasury Managers. In Jamaica, detailed surveillance were done of all the in scope financial institutions ie, commercial banks, trust and merchant banks and building societies. Reviews of annual reports and websites of all the financial intermediaries captured in the scope of the thesis were also done. The purpose of the review of the elite interviews and qualitative reviews of the websites, annual reports and other published data was to obtain information on four risk categories, particularly on the policies, procedures and processes in place to manage risk. Twenty risk proxies were used to calibrate risk exposure across four risk types in the financial intermediaries and the countries. These risk proxies were further reduced to eight based on their relative weights and significance as a risk-sensitive measure. Additionally, eight macro-economic variables were used to assess the economic environment within each country as well as to determine the extent to which these macro-economic variables were correlated with the risk proxies. Using a Likert-type index, correlation analysis and the results of the observation and interviews, the study developed risk benchmarks and risk scores, which were later used to determine risk relationships within financial intermediaries as well as within each country. The aim was to identify the risk relationships and to provide the managers of financial institutions and policy makers with an early warning system to calibrate and mitigate risks. The study analyzed the degree to which three major economies in the Caribbean region were exposed to credit, liquidity, interest rate and operational risks and the extent to which different countries are similar or different in light of these risk exposures. The paper sought to determine the level of risk exposures across four different financial intermediary types in three Caribbean jurisdictions. It expounded on differences and similarities in the risk profile of financial intermediaries and sought to determine which intermediaries are likely to have higher risk profiles. The paper also explored synergies and alliances between the four main categories of risk under study. These are credit, interest rate, liquidity and operational risk. It disaggregated proxies for risks based on risk types and highlighted risks drivers that are significant to different intermediary types or country. Lastly, the paper explored relationship between the critical elements and proposed a model for the scoring of risks. The relational perspective to risk management envisaged risk within three basic constructs namely, Symbiotic, Parasitic and Saprophytic as well as the nexus between these constructs and the internal control framework as measured by financial intermediaries policies, procedures and processes used to manage risks. The Saprophytic Construct At this level, risk is calibrated as being relatively low. Risks outcome are systemically pleasing and financial intermediaries are making meaningful contribution to the common good. Risks and reward can thrive within a conducive macro environment and the profile of institutions balance sheet and income statement contributes positively to the risk calibration outcome. A low level of risk exposure is usually attributed to a very robust internal control framework and more effective risk mitigation strategies. The Symbiotic Construct Within the Symbiotic construct, risk relationships are generally balanced. Risk is calibrated as moderate and the regulatory interest and the economic interest are neutral. Risk management is generally integrated and there is usually a connection between the process of risk identification, measurement, mitigation and monitoring. The profile of intermediaries balance sheets and income statements are viewed as risk-neutral relative to risk outcome and the internal control framework and risk mitigation strategies used by financial intermediaries are generally adequate. The Parasitic Construct Within this construct risks are calibrated as high or very high. There is usually adverse macro-economic condition in existence and there is disconnect between the regulatory interest and the economic interest. There is a general state of disharmony in the qualitative and quantitative approaches and disunity in the way that risk is generally managed. The risk profile of institutions balance sheets and income statements negatively impacts risk calibration outcomes. A hig

President Franklin D. Roosevelt :: Franklin D. Roosevelt

Franklin D. Roosevelt is proclaimed to be the first modern president of the United States. In fact, after a closer look, one could say FDR created the modern presidency. With his establishment of rhetoric as an important tool, he learned to speak directly to the American people, who then thought of him as a trustworthy person. FDR also established the United States' military base and put into motion many of the first steps towards alliances with other nations. His time in office also saw the addition of foreign policy as the executive office's job, as well as the creation of the Executive Office of the Presidency. All these additions in FDR's terms allowed him to define the executive's job, which helped to declare him the first modern president. One of FDR's strong points was rhetoric. He used it as an effective means during his terms to communicate with the American people. Previously, rhetoric held little importance for presidents, but after FDR and the beginning of the modern presidency rhetoric was an important element of the job. As Greenstein says, 'FDR [provided] a benchmark for his successors (22). He also changed the context in which speeches were given. When past presidents, such as Lincoln, gave speeches, they were to commemorate things, such as graveyards and memorials. When FDR began his presidency, he changed that. His speeches were not just to commemorate things, they were to inform the public, as well as explain things to them. For example, when FDR took office he began the practice of giving 'Fireside Chats,' which effectively used the new technology of the time. By speaking to the public over the radio, FDR established a bond with American people. He did this because of the way he spoke. Not only was FDR ca lm when talking about serious subjects, like the banking crisis, he was never condescending to the American people either. By treating the American people as equals, and referring to them as 'my friends,' FDR made the American people want to listen to him, and furthermore, believe what he said. Through this great use of rhetoric, FDR caused the public to calm down about the banking crisis, and also to give the banks another chance. Over the course of twelve years in office, FDR gave several Fireside Chats, which helped to boost the public's opinion of him. At the same time he was giving public speeches, he was also establishing a bond with the

Essay --

Prison’s Society In order to go into depth about the prison experience, I believe that the necessary research was adamant in understanding some of the reasons why people are locked up in the first place. There are numerous charges that can be filed in order to submit chances for someone to go to jail. The experiences that people go through in their lives, make them whom they are, well at least that is one of my beliefs. Each person that can end up locked up may not experience the same things, however for the most part after the reading; it is viable to conclude that most experiences are similar in nature. Our book, American Corrections, does clearly break down corrections as a whole, but I was extremely interested in the information about prison experiences. Thus, this reading will introduce my views of women and prison. Prior to reaching the core of this essay, I have to gain an understanding of the experience as a whole, thus Chapter 11 discussed the prison society as a whole. Initially, the inmate code, which is a set of rules of conduct that reflect the values and norms of the prison social system and help define for inmates the image of the model prisoner. The rule that apply to that were broken down into a total of five necessary rules to, from my knowledge, stay in rather good standings: 1. Don’t interfere with inmate interests. 2. Don’t quarrel with fellow inmates. 3. Don’t exploit inmates. 4. Maintain yourself. 5. Don’t trust the guards or the things they stand for. These things were also mentioned in an interview that I conducted with an individual whom actually was an inmate at one of America’s worst prisons (Ridgeway and Casella). Another thing that was mentioned, that I want to harp briefly on is that fact... ...fference is how female inmates tend to form pseudo families in which they adopt various roles as to a father, mother, daughter, or sister, which in a sense gives them a sense of better protection than that of men who want to appear more dominant and â€Å"not like the rest.† This is in reference to subcultures to which is discussed in the reading form theories and concepts that were first developed in male prisons. As stated previously, males tend to act for themselves and are evaluated by others according to how they adhere to the inmate code. Women place less emphasis on status achievement and recognition. They also place are different from their response to violence which would include slapping, kicking, biting, and hitting, versus the male disposition of a more serious attack of shanking because males are much more likely to feel more threatened by another inmate.

things fall apart Essays -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Book Report   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  02/11/05   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart is about different traditional village cultures in Africa. It also speaks about the British who try and take over the village by introducing his religion and making it the higher and better religion. Okonkwo is the narrator of the story. The novel setting is in a small village called Umofia which is located in the southeastern part of Nigeria and it is in the late nineteenth century. Man verses Man is the conflict that is seen in this novel.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Okonkwo is the main character in the novel. He is a hard working farmer, wrestler, and clan leader who has severa...

Chem pre lab

If you have entered any of your lab data Incorrectly, please use the link below to send a request directly to your TA and Instructor's email Inbox which Is monitored during normal school hours. Reset Data Request Tannest, your calculation is correctly You have not completed your assignment. Double check that you have completed EVERY question or essay. Click Here for next problem. What are the hazards associated with sodium hydroxide (Noah) solution? Sodium hydroxide is toxic and corrosive burns and skin irritation can occur AAA. What burette reading should your record when the liquid level is as shown in Figurer? 3. 5 3. 44 0. 25 0. 5 there will be a color change 3. A student collected the following data in the laboratory: Mass flask (g) 52. 86 Mass flask and sample (g) 53. 46Concentration of Noah solution (M) 0. 109 Initial burette reading (ml) Final burette reading (ml) 23. 75 a. What is the mass, in grams, of the sample (g) 0. 6 b. What volume, in liters, of Noah solution was used in the titration (L) 0. 101 0. 02328 0. 02322 0. 1 c. How many moles of Noah were used in the titration (moles) d. How many moles of ascorbic acid were neutralized (moles) e. How many grams of ascorbic acid is this (g) f. What is the mass percent ascorbic acid in the sample (%)

One Care and One Education Routine Essay

Rational For this assignment I plan to implement one care and one education routine in an ECCE setting. I will evaluate and reference relevant legislation, policies and procedures. I will give a description of the routines that should demonstrate an understanding and value for equality and diversity. Planning of the Care Routine Consultation with a supervisor I asked my supervisor in the crà ¨che if it was okay for me to help during feeding time and she gave me permission to do so. The care routine I have chosen to do my assignment on is assisting a child to eat. I am going to prepare and feed an 18 month old baby boy. I got out the baby’s bib and high chair and disinfected them to prevent infection. I placed the baby’s food in the fridge that morning and when it is time to feed him I am going to heat it up in the microwave. I have the baby’s bowl and small spoon prepared as his mouth is so small at this age that he needs small eating utensils. I prepared for after the baby had finished eating, I had appropriate hand wipes and sterilising facilities to clean the bowl and spoon as stated in the Child Care (Pre-school Services) (No.2) Regulations  2006. These regulations also state that Pre-school services are subject to the provisions of food safety, food hygiene and health regulations. Implementation of the Care Routine Step One I cleaned down the high chair and placed a bib on the baby. Baby’s need bibs so as not to get food on their clothes which would be unhygienic. I then placed the baby into the high chair and motivated him letting him know his dinner was coming by showing him the container of the shepherd’s pie and telling him it was yummy. The baby already knew it was yummy as shepherd’s pie is his favourite. Step Two I removed the glass bottle of baby food from the fridge, it was shepherd’s pie the baby’s favourite according to his mother. The Child Care (Pre-school Services) (No.2) Regulations states, food must be stored under suitable refrigerated conditions, which is how I stored it. I am aware of how important the different acts and regulations that are there to protect children. Step Three I placed the food into the baby bowl and then placed the bowl in the microwave. I only heated it for 2 minutes as I did not want it to burn the baby’s mouth. Once the food was heated I brought it over to the baby. He had the biggest smile on his face when he saw what his dinner was. This is an aspect of Siolta as one of the main principles of Siolta is the child’s individuality. Having a favourite food is a part of being individual. Step Four I began feeding him, I pretended the spoon was an airplane to bring in the  element of play into feeding. Another of Sioltas principles states that play is central to the wellbeing, development, and learning of the young child. I am also incorporating Aistears theme of communication as the baby and I are communicating throughout the feeding process. Step Five When the baby has finished eating, I took his bib off him and sat him down on his play mat while I burped him. Step Six After burping him i cleaned up. I placed the bowl and spoon into a steriliser and I wiped down the high chair with hot water and disinfectant. After everything was cleaned and put away I played with him until his mother came to collect him. Evaluation of the Care Routine In my opinion I think this care routine went very well. The baby and I got time to bond while I was feeding him as I added play to the feeding time. I feel I was very hygienic and I kept in line with the Child Care (Pre-school) (No. 2) Regulations 2006. I feel that I had a very important role doing this care activity. I had to make sure everything was prepared and that I had cleaned down the high chair before placing the baby into it. I also had to be very careful about the food, making sure it was heated enough but not too hot so as not to burn the baby’s mouth. I used a food thermometer to check the temperature of the food. Using a thermometer is the only way to know the temperature of food. Anyone working with food needs to know how to use a thermometer. I had to take temperatures in the thickest part of the food. When taking temperatures of a large amount of food be sure to take the temperature in two or more locations. This way you will know that the food is heated to the right temperature throughout. Personal Learning from the Care Routine I learnt a lot from doing this care routine. I learnt all about the child care regulations and I am more aware of what is involved in them. I learnt how important it is to keep everything sterilised and clean. I learnt that feeding the baby can incorporate play to make it easier. I found out how winding a baby is a vital process after feeding. If the baby wasn’t winded after feeding he would be very uncomfortable and not happy until his wind came up. References Education & Care in the early years 4th edition by Josephine Donohoe & Frances Gaynor. Planning of the Education Routine Consultation with a supervisor Before I could start my assignment I had to get permission of my supervisor in the Montessori and she said I had her permission. The education routine I am going to do will be learning colours, shapes and numbers. I am going to do this activity with 1 child aged 4 yea old. I will prepare the materials that I need to do this activity before I start. I need to borrow the wooden shapes from the crà ¨che which will cover my three education routines. I then need to set up a table where the 4 year old girl and I will do the activity. I cleaned down the table using disinfectant and I made sure all the wooden blocks were wiped down before we started to learn so as to prevent the spread of infection following the Child Care Regulations 2006. I explained to the girl what we were going to be doing and she was excited and anxious to start. Children love to play and I believe learning through play is the best way to interest children. It is a child’s right to education and play, these are only 2 of the developmental rights listed in the UN Convention on the rights of the child 1989. Implementation of the education routine Step One I motivated the child by explaining what we were going to do, learning about colours, shapes and counting. She was egger to start. We took our seats at the table where I had laid out the wooden blocks. Step Two Once at the table I let the girl experiment and feel every shape. I then went through the colours of every shape there was yellow, blue, red, green, orange and purple. We said the colours together to try get her familiar with them. She let me know that her favourite one was the orange one. This is bringing in Aistear’s theme of identity again as it his her favourite colour. Step Three I realised she was becoming bored as she was not interested in what I was saying and just wanted to play with the wooden shapes. When she became bored about talking about colours, I started to explain to her the different names of the shapes of the wood. She seemed interested in the names as repeated the sound of them back to me. There was a square, circle, rectangle, triangle, oval and diamond. Step Four After learning the colours and shapes I asked the girl if we should try counting the shapes. We laid them out a finger width apart and began counting them. When we counted up to 6 she told me that her brother is 6. Step five When we were finished with the education routines I asked the girl if she would help me clean up. She placed all the shapes back in there box and I sprayed the table with disinfectant before I sprayed down the tables I made  sure the child was not near where I was spraying so as to protect her. I then washed my hands and asked the girl to wash her hands. Evaluation of the education routine I fell this education routine went very well. The girl was very keen in participating in every aspect, counting, learning shapes and learning colours. Her favourite aspect was learning the shapes. I believe I bettered her knowledge and I feel she is more prepared for Primary School next year as she can now count, she knows a small range of shapes and she knows all the primary colours and some secondary ones. In doing this education routine I am more aware about how Siolta and Aistear can be seen in most education routines. I feel my role in the education routine was very important as I was helping the child to develop intellectually and also having fun at the same time. Personal Learning from the Education Routine I have learnt a lot from doing this education routine. I have learnt how important early education is to a child and how education can be something fun that children will enjoy learning about. I have learnt more about Siolta and Aistear and how important they are as a part of a child’s education. I have also learnt loads about child protection act and children’s rights and the Child Care (Pre-school Services) (No.2) Regulations 2006. All the legislations, policies and procedures that are there to protect children are in my opinion very much seen in the crà ¨che. References Education & Care in the early years 4th edition by Josephine Donohoe & Frances Gaynor.

Marketing Information System Essay

INTRODUCTION: Marketing was the first functional area to exhibit an interest in MIS. Shortly after the MIS concept originated, marketers tailored it to their area and called it the MKIS (MARKETING INFORMATION SYSTEM). Early graphic models of MKISs provide a basis for organizing all functional information systems. The MKIS consists of three input subsystems: AIS, marketing research, and marketing intelligence. The output subsystems address the information needs of the four ingredients of the marketing mix (product, place promotion, and price), plus an integration of the four. SUMMARY: FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE The term organizational structure refers to how the people in an organization are grouped and to whom they report. One traditional way of organizing people is by function. Some common functions within an organization include production, marketing, human resources and accounting. FUNCTIONAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS FIS also known as functional information system may be described as a computer program system which processes the daily information’s such as TPS (Transaction Processing Systems). MARKETING PRINCIPLES One definition states that marketing â€Å"consists of individual and organizational activities that facilitate and expedite satisfying exchange relationships in a dynamic environment through the creation, distribution, promotion, and pricing of goods, services and ideas.† THE MARKETING MIX The objective is to develop strategies that apply these resources to marketing the firm’s goods, services, and ideas. The marketing strategies consist of a mixture of ingredients called the Marketing Mix: product, promotion, place, and price. They are known as the four Ps. Product – is what the customer buys to satisfy a perceived want or need. A product can be a physical good, some type of service, or an idea. Promotion – is concerned with all the means of encouraging the sale of the product, including advertising and personal selling. Place – deals with the means of physically distributing the product to the customer through a channel of distribution. Price – consists of all the elements relating to what the customer pays for the product. EVOLUTION OF THE MARKETING INFORMATION SYSTEMS CONCEPT In 1996 Professor Philip Kotler of Northwestern University used the term marketing nerve center to describe a new unit within marketing to gather and process marketing information. He identified the three types of marketing information. These are the following: Marketing Intelligence – information that flows into the firm from the environment. Internal Marketing Information – information that is gathered within the firm. Marketing Communications – information that flows from the firm outward to the environment. EARLY MARKETING MODELS Brien and Stafford were among the first modelers. Basing their design on the four Ps and emphasizing the development of strategic marketing programs. King and Celand stressed strategic planning; whereas Kotler, Montgomery, and urban, and Crissy and Mossman emphasized decision support. These modeling efforts began in the 1960s and continued into the 1970s. MARKETING INFORMATION SYSTEM MODEL It consists of a combination of input and output subsystems connected by a database. Output Subsystems Each output subsystems provides information about its part of the mix. * Product Subsystems provides information about the firm’s products. * Place Subsystems provides information about the firm’s distribution network. * Promotion Subsystems provides information about the firm’s advertising and personal selling activities. * Price Subsystems helps the manager make pricing decisions. * Integrated-Mix Subsystems which enables the manager to develop strategies that considers the combined effects of the ingredients. Database A structured collection of data. The data that is used by the output subsystems comes from the database. Input Subsystems * Accounting Information System gathers data describing the firm’s marketing transactions. * Marketing Intelligence Subsystems gathers information from the firm’s environment that has a bearing on marketing operations. * Marketing Research Subsystems conducts special studies of marketing operations for the purpose of learning customer needs and improving marketing efficiency. ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEM The collection, storage and processing of financial and accounting data that is used by decision makers. An accounting information system is generally a computer-based method for tracking accounting activity in conjunction with information technology resources. The resulting statistical reports can be used internally by management or externally by other interested parties including investors, creditors and tax authorities. Data for Preparation of Periodic Reports A classic example of how marketing information can be provided by the AIS (Accounting Information System) is sales analysis. Sales Analysis is the study of the firm’s sales activity in terms of which products are being sold, which customer are buying the products, and which sales representatives are selling them. Data for Preparation of Special Reports The vast majority of data that is used to respond to managers’ database queries likely comes from the AIS, e.g. to prepare a sales analysis using 4GL. Data for Mathematical Models and Knowledge-Based Systems A mathematical model is a description of a system using mathematical concepts and language. The process of developing a mathematical model is termed mathematical modeling.

Namesake: Nikolai Gogol and Gogol S Circumstance Essay

The Namesake has a connection to belonging as if deals with the disconnection of the Ganguli’s. The theme of alienation and the search for belonging between the two cultures is represented through the shifts between the two countries; where Ashoke and Ashima move to America growing their children up in an American society but teaching them Bengali traditions. Lahiri uses techniques such as symbols to illustrate the sense of belonging and not belonging. Throughout the novel, the composer of the namesake illustrates an aspect of belonging through the technique symbolism. Lahiri uses the motif of cooking and the symbol of the namesake, to create the sense of belonging and not belonging. Names are closely linked to identity and can help or hinder a sense of belonging. However in Gogol’s circumstance he struggles to fit in both the America society and his Bengali home as he feels his name does not belong in either culture. On page 100 we see Gogol’s frustration with his name, â€Å"the only person who didn’t take Gogol seriously, the only person who tormented him.. was Gogol.. † Here the author has demonstrated to the reader that nobody else judges him for his name, yet he feels that he does not belong. This reflects Gogol’s insecurity with his name making him feel out of place in both cultures. Resulting to him changing his name in order to belong in his American society rather than his home culture. The ongoing contrast between the two cultures, connect to a sense of belonging. As it shows the differences between where Gogol and Ashima feel comfortable to where they belong. Ashima never feels like she totally belongs in America and on page 1 she wants to prepare an Indian traditional meal with American ingredients which is unsuccessful. But by the end on page 274 she is cooking her last feast which she has become renowned for. Lahiri presents the symbol of food as Ashima’s bicultural belgonging. `Where as Gogol feels as if he doesn’t belong with his Indian culture and their eating ways. On page 133 Gogol Is having dinner with Maxine’s family and he is comparing her family ways to his, the Bengali feasts to Lydia and Gerald’s eating habits. Which represents where he is most comfortable with and that is in the American ways. In conclusion Lahiri uses the technique of symbols and motifs to interpret the different aspects of belonging, and the search for the belonging between two countries.

Business Planning (Spanish Restaurant) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7250 words

Business Planning (Spanish Restaurant) - Essay Example The key for gaining success for ALJARAFE restaurant in the market of the UK will be to provide unique as well as contemporary dining experience, to control the expenses and to concentrate of employee retention. Through proper planning, ALJARAFE restaurant will also aim to create an atmosphere where every employee will be satisfied to work and thus, will render greater contribution towards delivering high quality products and services to the ultimate customers. Focusing on this aspect, the report presents a comprehensive business plan including the description of the business, product as well as service offerings, industry analysis, market segmentation, marketing plan, operation plan and key financial requirements as well as projections. With respect to consumer market, the restaurant segment of UK is considered as the fourth biggest segment. It has often been argued that the foodservice segment of the UK is complicated in comparison to grocery retail segment. In accordance with the study of United States Department of Agriculture, the UK’s foodservice segment is divided into two separate dimensions which are ‘profit stores’ and ‘cost stores’. In profit stores, profit acts as the key motivator of business, and thus, pricing of products and services becomes flexible. This type of business approaches can be identified in restaurants, pubs and hotels. On the other hand, in cost stores, prices of products and services are controlled to avail quality goods at lower product cost. This type of businesses can be found in educational institutions, prisons and hospitals. In the UK, restaurants are the most prevalent in foodservice industry. There are numerous independent players which dominate the restaurant segment in the UK. Illustratively, in the year 2004, about 90% of restaurants were signified as independent restaurants (Agriculture & Agri-food Canada, 2011). 2.1 ALJARAFE Restaurant’s Relative Position ALJARAFE restaurant is a proposed restaurant business which will be located in Manchester city, UK. ALJARAFE restaurant will aspire towards being established as a remarkable, fresh and causal Spanish restaurant which will provide variety of food menu with particular appeal to Spanish fragrances. While maintaining rigid principle towards profit generation, the restaurant will also aim to create a notable and rich eating experience for the customers. The legal form of the business would be based on a sole proprietorship model. This legal standing has been selected because it is the

Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 42

Journal - Essay Example This notifies the audience that the author is in support of the fact that there are fake scientific data published in journals and ignoring such information can have a detrimental impact on people. The content of the article is detailed giving examples of numerous instances where scientists have linked vaccination to autism and where a scientist disagreed that HIV results to AIDS. It also gives an instance where John Bohannon disclosed that it was easy to put out deceitful scientific information in available publications (Wong 1). The use of these examples makes it interesting and easy for the reader to understand. The author also uses quotation marks to show emphasis on numerous words within the article such as â€Å"mental retardation†, â€Å"knowledge† and â€Å"scientific counterfeits. Wong, the author, uses a comparatively formal language. The article’s tone is resentful evidenced by the last two sentences of the article. Additionally, the author appeals to the readers by clearly emphasizing on his

Renewable Energy Future for the Developing World Essay

Renewable Energy Future for the Developing World - Essay Example The greatest concern of the major multiples, especially Tesco in regards to political activity, relates to the rulings of the Monopolies and Mergers Commission which can prevent supermarkets from establishing themselves in certain locations because of anti-competition legislation. Similarly, legislation relating to anti-competition activities, such as price fixing and cartel-like activity, can prompt investigation from the Government body known as the Office of Fair Trading (OFT 2011). However, such investigations on a national scale are relatively rare and the large supermarkets are seldom investigated for such activity. There is also a need to consider legislation and regulation, the UK food and retail sector is covered by numerous laws, codes of practice and regulations. One such regulator, Food Standards Agency, has a statutory right to protect the public the consumer in relation to food and drink such as correct labelling, food sell by dates, hygiene etc. There is also European legislation, General food law and Codex (Food Standards Agency 2012). ... K economy has been in and out of recession since 2008, interest rates have been reduced to historic lows to try and stimulate growth and minimize the rise in unemployment, which has risen sharply since 2009 (BBC 2012a). Although the UK food and retail market itself has remained relatively stable because people need food, there have been marked shifts in consumer spending habits as consumers cut back and â€Å"trade down† from premium brands to supermarkets’ own branded labels, or even switch to cheaper rivals (Hall 2011). This is set against the context of rising raw material prices thanks to bad weather, the costs of which have been pushed onto the consumer. For example, according to the RPI (Poulter 2011), the average cost of a basket of â€Å"staple goods† has risen an average of 28% in real terms. It is also important to note this is closely linked to social issues such as changing consumer habits and a decline in Purchasing Power Parity (PPP). In addition to these trends in the retail sector, considering performance of the sector over the past 40 years (See Figure 1), it is expected that there will be the lowest ever growth recorded for 2012 in UK’s retail sector history. The growth rate for 2012 is expected to remain 1.2 %, which is although higher than that of 2011’s growth rate (0.9 %) (SAS 2011). Figure 1: UK Retail Sector’s Growth Rates for Past 40 years (SAS 2011) Social For the UK food retail industry, it is fair to suggest that the recession and subsequent level of decreasing economic growth has caused consumers to become far more price conscious. They are demanding greater value for money and supermarkets are responding with aggressive price cuts and price wars in order to attract and retain customers (Wood 2011). As yet it is too early to determine

Air and Water Pollution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Air and Water Pollution - Essay Example For example, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, sulfur oxide etc are some of the primary pollutants whereas ozone, sulfuric acid etc are some of the secondary pollutants. Pollutants which cause direct damages to air and water are called primary pollutants whereas pollutants which act through other objects are called secondary pollutants. This paper analyses the action of pollutants on air and water, taking two air pollutants and two water pollutants as examples. Air Pollutants Carbon monoxide gas emitted by automobiles is one of the major primary air pollutants. In fact automobiles account for more than 60% of the carbon monoxide production. Oxygen is required for the burning of any objects. If the burning or combustion process faces shortage of oxygen, carbon monoxide will be formed. Automobiles emit carbon monoxide because of the problems in the fossil fuel combustion process or the shortage of oxygen inside the engines. It is a serious poison gas which can kill living things qui ckly if inhaled high concentration of it. When Carbon Monoxide is inhaled, the CO combines with the hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin (COHb). CO displaces oxygen attached to the carrier molecule, hemoglobin. The COHb bond is over 200 times stronger than oxygen's bond with hemoglobin. The strong COHb bond makes it difficult for the body to eliminate CO from the blood (Indoor Air Quality --- Carbon monoxide (CO), n. d) â€Å"Visual impairment, reduced work capacity, reduced manual dexterity, poor learning ability and difficulty in performing complex tasks etc are some other health problems associated with exposure to carbon monoxide†( Carbon monoxide, n. d). Carbon monoxide is present in the lower atmospheric layers only because of its short life. Carbon monoxide consists of one carbon atom and one oxygen atom and it is not a stable gas. It quickly accepts one oxygen atom from its neighborhood and converts itself into carbon dioxide which is a stable gas. Ozone (O3) is one o f the major secondary air pollutants. In fact ozone layer in the atmosphere protects us from the harmful UV radiations emitted by sun. Ozone normally presents in two layers of atmosphere; one near the ground level and the other high up in the atmosphere. Even though, ozone layer high up in the atmosphere acts as a protective shield for us, the ground level presence of ozone causes major health problems to us. Ground level Ozone is produced when some substances undergoes chemical reaction in the presence of sun light. The destructive ability of ground level ozone cannot be predicted since ozone has the ability to travel longer distances. â€Å"Short-term exposure to ozone peaks can temporarily affect the lungs, the respiratory tract, and the eyes. It can also increase the susceptibility to inhaledallergens. Long-term exposure to relatively low concentrations of ozone can reduce lung function† (Scientific Facts on Air Pollution Ozone, 2011) Water Pollutants Sewage is one of the major primary pollutants of water. Sewage normally consists of organic matters including solid and liquid particles. It normally consists of industrial waste, human and animal wastes etc. It encourages the growth of microorganisms which can raise severe health threats to both marine life and land life because of its abilities to cause and spread different kinds of diseases. Sewage decomposes using the dissolved oxygen content in the water. When more solid particles present in