Gothic Culture: History, Culture and Art

knightly Culture History, Culture and ArtTo find the run of knightly conclusion was been easy for popular horti socialization. However, to give a clear definition for gothic culture was been difficult because contrasting connotations and quality of uncertainty was had in the term of provincialic in different social-cultural group.For examples, industrial or classical unison, Goths corresponding that, but it was not gothic. For an other(a) examples vampires and interest in death, were gothic, in scatter that many Goths dis standardizedd. Such as bands like Marilyn Manson and Nine Inch Nails, were thought of as gothic by some people, but they were not gothic. And such bands like Sisters of Mercy and Dead Can Dance, did not call themselves gothic even if they were considered gothic by most people. It was an ambiguous label with many people exploitation it that didnt understand the meaning. The people who did understand it often had many different definitions.The background o f gothic cultureThe term Gothic was used to symbolize forms of art of the Middle-Ages. The Middle-Ages was referred to the intent between the Classical era and the Renaissance. For the Italians hated that the Goth destroyed the Roman Empire at that clock era, it meant barbaric and boorish that they called the period as Gothic.Around at 1800, the culture of the Middle-Ages and its related things gradually became a kind of fashion in some peoples eyes in the Romantic Movement. The romanticism was the center of this cultural movement. The quixotic was willing to jump up from the limit of autobiography. Some wished they had returned the Middle-Ages, some looked for the ideal from the religion or the mysticism, and some tried to find the answer in the nature. In the whole Romantic Movement, Goth began to be considered it as related to dark, exotic, ghosts.For example, the romantic and gothic writers such as Byron, Shelley, Baudelaire, as well as Verlaine were engrossed in the expre ssion of the dark side of human beings. At this period, many gothic novelists were constantly emerging. Gothic literature was a challenge to the orthodox thought radiation pattern in the current temporal society.Gothic sentiment had a very clear manifestation in the visual arts. The dark and the desolation were drawn by the painter such as Caspar David Friedrich. The Gothic style in the realm of architecture had been becoming fashionable.In the80s of 20th century, modern Gothic movement started in the UK. The emergence of the Gothic movement might be considered as the continuity of roughneck movement. The people were shown the influence of Gothic spirit in musical field. It was cognise that The Gothic music took human gloomy and empty as the theme. Moreoer, death was focus on as an intense interest. Slowness, sadness, and even terror, were the characteristics of the music.The History of Gothic cultureGenerally speaking, the origin of gothic movement was considered as Bauhaus rele ased the song Bela Lugosis Dead in 1979. The first generation of the movement emerged in the UK, which was a splinter from the punk movement. Bands, such as the Damned, Bauhaus, the Banshees and Siouxsie who were called so later were the first generation which didnt consider them as Gothic at that time. In the early 1980s, the gothic movement was flourished with bands like the Sisters of Mercy at the forefront. However, the movement was going off by the middle to late 1980s.In the late eighties and early nineties, a new and snatch generation of gothic bands grew to breathe new life into the scene. They regularly called themselves Gothic in contrast with the first. Examples would include The Shroud, Ro mountainta Stone, and London After Midnight. At the same time the US Goth movement turned up significantly. Gothic became recognized as a distinct subculture. Gothic music and culture grew and branched discover into various subsets. The boundaries of gothic what had previously been c onsidered were expanded. It was apparent that widespread mainstream was interested in the gothic subculture in recent time. The behavior was many quirks of gothic culture beat filtered into mainstream culture, such as an interest in the supernatural and dark aesthetics.In the late 1990s a distinct third generation emerged to shape the next progression of the gothic movement. The third generation stood for an explosion in the number of people referring to themselves as gothic. Many people had learned ab issue gothic culture because the present widespread commercial was available. Shock Rock (Marilyn Manson) became the spotlight onto this subculture. The term of Spooky kids was often used for these youths.The first and second generations of Goths looked suspiciously upon the new generation, who doubted their genuineness and disliked the exposure they gave to a subculture which would prefer to remain underground. It would be difficult to predict what the future held for the Gothic m ovement.Gothic culture and Gothic artAs above exposition on this topic, it was indicated that to give a definition of Gothic culture was difficult. However, Gothic art given birth by Gothic culture included the following parts the Gothic literature, the Gothic fool away, the Gothic music, the Gothic painting, the Gothic architecture, the Gothic fashion.Gothic literatureGothic fiction as a kind of Gothic literature would be introduced in this paper. It belonged to the English literature faction which generally considered come forth as the novel Ao Telang Fort comprise written by Horace Hua Er Boer. It was Ann Radcliffe (1764-1823) who established sincerely yours the standard style of Gothic fiction. Her novel The Mysteries of Udolpho was published in 1794. The Casles of Athlin and Dunbayne was published in 1789. The woo of the Forest was published in 1791. The Italian was published in 1797.Frankenstein was written by Mary Shelley, the wife of England poet Shelley, in 1818, which was considered as the first true good sense of science fiction in the valet de chambre. However, Gothic fiction had waned in U.K. of 1840. It was because that too many cheap writers created cheap horror fictions and over-exposure of sexual description. The works of violence came out to greatly reduce the status of the Gothic fiction.In spite that Gothic fiction had a deep effect on the literature of Victorian era, it set off a wave of short ghost stories at that period. Moreover, it brought into being Allen Poes story with the theme of death. It was called back after the rush of Victorian ghost story. It was in 1880 when the Gothic-style novel was revitalized as a kind of semi-orthodox literature. Stevenson and Wilder were the writers in this period. The most popular villain of Goth was birth in the fiction genus Dracula written by Bram Stoker. The character often came out in the Gothic film later.Gothic filmThe first influential gothic film was Haxan direct by a Swede Benjamin Ch ristensen in 1921. After a year, Germany director Murnau shot a film Nosferatu which became the first landmark of the Gothic motion picture in the history of mankind. American director Browning took the story about Vampire Count Dracula on the big screen in agreement with Stokes Original novel in 1931. This film is Vampires Breakfast that is the first Gothic talkie. French director Georges Franju shot a film Eyes without a scene which is the first classical Gothic film without Vampire image. It is worth mentioning that the Hollywood Desire directed by Tony Scott in 1983 of the whole 80s.Gothic film was truly ushered in a golden period of development until the 90s of last century. The U. S. director Tim Burton shot a film Edward Scissorhands in 1990. The film Sleepy Hollow was released in 1999. The Hollywood director Coppola shot a film Dracula. And other films such as Interview with the Vampire shot by Irish director Neil Jordan, the rejoice shot by U.S. director Provas, and Del lamorte directed by Italian Michele Soavi were worth watching.A surprising film Brotherhood of The Wolf was shown to the gothic fans all over world by Franch director Gans in 2001. Two years later, another surprising was 3D animation Kaena. At the same time, the topic of Gothic film was more and more extensive instead of the solo theme of epic. Gothic film started to move closer to the traditional type of film, and gradually blend of the characteristics of other traditional types. It do the audience accept them easier. The three American films as Queen of the Damned, Underworld in 2003, and Van Helsing directed by Stephen Sommers in 2004 were the representatives.Gothic musicIt was usually considered that Gothic music is gloomy, icy, and decadent, making an atmosphere with terror. The people were gotten to feel oppressive and hopeless. Full with artistic spirit, the willing to death and black deform was often expressed. Its mood was full of being tired of the world. It listened lik e bone-chilly, with a fine sense of beauty. At the same time, lots of inconsistent tone were deviated from the line of work line and were inserted at the range level. Extreme contempt for all the traditional music was shown. In the lyrics and at the performance level, a desolate life and tickling was expressed by the singer. The state of reality was disgusted, and the executed fun of spiritual abyss was pursued.Nowadays so called Gothic music exactly refers to Goth Rock. This music genre was brought out in the 80s of the 20th century. It had no relation to the original meaning of the term Goth. It was so called Goth just because the elements of horror and darkness were borrowed from Gothic fictions of the 18th or 19th century. The origin of Gothic Rock was affected by two parties. One was post-punk movement at the end of 70s. The other was Gothic fiction of the 18th or 19th century. The inclination of restoring ancient ways was demonstrated clearly in Gothic music that was applied by opera voice.There were some famous Gothic bands such as Autumn Tear, Bauhaus, Christian Death, Dead Can Dance, Death In June, Nick Cave The no-count Seeds, The Cure, Fields of the Nephilim, The Sister Of Mercy, and The Swans.Gothic Painting FontThe zenith of Gothic painting was between the 14th and the 15th century. In the end period of the 20th century, a very big effect had been put in the field of painting by the development of computer technology. To draw by computer board was tried by many painters. Gothic painting was driven into a new realm. For example, Linda Bergkvist, born in Sweden, made a lot of Gothic-genre CG cuts.Gothic Fonts had many different styles with classic and luxuriance. An example was the title of the cover of Death Note.Gothic ArchitectureGothic architecture was a kind of architectural style, prosperous in the Middle-Ages. It was evolved from Romanesque architecture, and communicable by the Renaissance. It was originated in France in the twelfth cen tury. It was continued until the sixteenth century. Acuminate arches, ribbed vaults and flying buttresses were included in the features. Most of all were seen in the Catholic Church, as well as the secular buildings. An important position was occupies by Gothic architecture with its high degree of technical and artistic achievements in history of the construction.The most famous Gothic architectures were such as Assumption Cathedral of Russia, Duomo del Mialno of Italy, the Cathedral of Cologne of Germany, Westminster Abbey of England, Notre Dame Cathedral of France were. Duomo Del Mialno of Italy was the biggest one in the world.Gothic wayThe sublime related to fear was considered the foundation of Gothic aesthetics. The well-known England Esthetician Edmund Burk divided calli- beau into the beautiful and the sublime. When he discussed the sublime, he had already talked about the strongest emotion of mankind is fear. And he linked the sublime with the fear.In the eighties, the Go thic style clothing was evolved from Gothic music. Black-dyed long hair, pale skin, tight black cloth, pointed boots and a largish number of silver, mostly used by religious design of early Europe and Egypt . However, these clothing was not accepted by mainstream fashion designers at the time because of its somewhat negative, aggressive and brutal style with the distribution of revolt spirit.Until nowadays, Gothic clothing style was popular again. Then clothing is not only expressage to order superfine cloth by small workshops. It was started to pay attention by the designer of some great dress brands, such as Kenzo, Anna Sui, Issey Miyake and so on.The Reason for Goth Become a Popular Culture from SubcultureAccording to the analysis of Goth cultures history, I think there are some reasons for Goth become a popular culture from the original subculture. Firstly of all, the rich spiritual connotation of Gothic culture was the basis for keeping its sustained vitality. Secondly, a more easily accessible channel was supplied to ordinary people by the popularity of mass media, especially the advances in computer technology. Thirdly, the business value behind the culture was cared by some big commercial companies, such as film studio, record company, clothing company with a great brand. It was invested. The consumption goods of this style were made for market sale. That pushed the development of Goth from subculture into popular culture. Fourthly, the buying ability of young people, with a strong ability to accept popular culture, was obviously enhanced, with the development of the world economy. The promotion of the Goth culture was speeded up.

Free Trade Agreement Between the GCC and ASEAN

slack Trade Agreement Between the GCC and ASEANExecutive epitomeThis paper is a consolidated report of surveys on key issues and concerns to administer and investiture in an ASEAN-GCC let go of cover environment. The researchers were able to make a outline of most likely issues and concerns that would be deterrent to negotiations for a free job agreement on the ASEAN and GCC zones.The consolidated report is based on an in decenniumsive writings review. As the ASEAN-GCC talks atomic number 18 still under means, the researchers thought it wiser to first create a schema for an enterprise survey which would assess the effectiveness as puff up as get word prohibitions which would inadvertently impinge on ASEAN-GCC free barter negotiations.A consolidated report on much(prenominal) factors would greatly benefit business enterprises as easyhead as the government itself in that it provides a guidelines of expectations and, thus, this could be addressed early on.The report fi rst discussed an overview of the GCC financial merchandise to establish the market likelys and readiness of the region. The key issues and concerns that were ga in that respectd through research were then grouped accordingly to whether they fall under the tariff barriers or frame of referenceal transaction cost issue, and the non-tariff barrier (NTB) or informal transaction cost issues.From the consolidated report, it was revealed that while tariff barriers or formal transaction cost affects trading and investiture, it was the non-tariff barriers which generally costs companies a lot. Non-tariff barriers include red tape from getting business certifications, weak legal agreement especially in legal disputes and the like, enforcement of environmental policies, restrictions placed on monomania of equities and realistic estate, existence of laws which prohibits irrelevant nationals from applying for business permits, especially in atomic number 18as outside the free softw ood zone. There excessively exists some political and/or diplomatical barriers. However, these should non be given to much focus as these contribute scarcely a small amount of influence to the conduct of make out and investment. athletic field of StudyThis deal on the free trade agreement between the ASEAN and GCC focuses on identifying issues and concerns that should be addressed in order for a free trade agreement between the GCC and the ASEAN to be useful and beneficial for all signatory explodeies. These issues and concerns are identified through extensive research and inference from previous studies and real articles. However, issues that are only significant for the government and other stakeholders, but are not of particular important to the business sector (i.e., labor and environmental issues) were not considered.Background of the ProblemLast June 30, 2009, a trade pact in the form of a memorandum of agreement (MOA) was sign-language(a) between the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and the 10 country-members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) (TradeArabia, 2009). The said MOA focuses on building a trade bloc between the GCC and ASEAN, and also explores the possibility of a Trade and investment Framework Agreement (TIFA) and a free trade agreement (FTA). The trade pact was sign-language(a) after the first successful GCC-ASEAN ministerial meeting held in Manama, Bahrain, wherein the ministers approved a ii-year working plan in improving trade analogys between GCC and ASEAN countries (TradeArabia, 2009 ArabNews.com, 2010). A trade and investment road part in the form of the GCC-ASEAN 2010-2010 action plan was adopted on the second GCC-ASEAN ministerial meeting held in Singapore in May 2010 (ArabNews.com, 2010 Press self-confidence of India/bilaterals.org, 2010 The Malaysian News Agency, 2010).In an article by the Press Trust of India (2010) as cited by bilaterals.org (2010), the GCC and ASEAN have agreed to further enhance t rading and investment opportunities as hale as collaboration in the areas of improving the economy, moneymaking(prenominal) and business enterprise, education whilst promoting mutual respect through culture and media by direction of the ASEAN-GCC Two-Year Action Plan (2010-2012) . However, in the recent press release of the ASEAN Secretariat (www.asean.org, 2010) a free trade agreement between the twain blocs was not brought up.Business Dictionary defines free trade agreement as a treaty between countries that essentially reduces tariffs and barriers on goods and services, although jacket crown and/or labor whitethorn not move freely (businessdictionary.com). These agreements specify the rules and for trade between or among signatory countries (Sen, 2004, p. 1).Free trade means trade of goods and services (not necessarily capital and labor) between countries that is free from tariffs and other trade barriers imposed by the governments of those countries (Bhagwati, 2002, p.3). I t is considered as the building block for scotch integration in a region (Sen, 2004, p. 1). Free trade is based on the principle of comparative advantage first proposed by David Ricardo (Case Fair, 1999, pp. 812-818). Ricardos theory of comparative advantage asserts that countries could produce goods to a greater extent cost-effectively if they alter at producing the good(s) which they produce most efficiently and bought all other goods from other nations specializing in producing those goods (Case Fair, 1999, pp. 812-818). According to this theory, specialization will make production of goods more efficient and thus, bring down prices. Therefore, if goods can freely enter a country, advocates of free trade suggest consumers would benefit because of the lower prices of goods (Case Fair, 1999, p. 818).WTO and other reports have stated that free trade agreements have started to proliferate between countries and even between trading blocs (Crawford and Fiorentino, 2005, p. 2 Raze en, 2006). Of regional trade agreements reported to the WTO as of 2005, 84 per cent are free trade agreements (Crawford and Fiorentino, 2005, p. 3). The WTO reports that the uncertainty of the fate of the Uruguay Round (1986-1994) has prompted countries to pursue their own preferential deals, mostly bilateral, or involving two countries, with other nations (Crawford and Fiorentino, 2005, p. 6).The more aggressive countries or trading blocs are the European Union, Australia, Japan, Singapore, New Zealand, and the fall in states and Canada. The ASEAN and the GCC are both lagging behind in creating deals, but the member countries, especially of the ASEAN are forge their own FTAs with other countries such as Japan, South Korea, and China (Crawford and Fiorentino, 2005, pp. 6-8).It has been observed that trade among the Arab states has been relatively small compared to other regions (Hassan and Tarik, 2010). This is despite the observation that members of the GCC have green economic an d social characteristics (Fasano and Iqbal, 2003). But the GCC is trying to catch up with regard to forming free trade agreements as a bloc with other countries and trading blocs (Hassan and Tarik, 2010). It has signed a free trade agreement (GSFTA) with Singapore in 2009 and has since experienced a growth in investments from and an increase in trade with this country.The GCC consists of Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi-Arabian Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates and was formed in May 1981 (Fasano and Iqbal, 2003). Its aim is to promote cooperation and peace among member nations. The member countries of the GCC have all undergone diversification from dependence on oil into trade and services-centered economies. The GDP per capita in these countries are among the highest in the world (Fasano and Iqbal, 2003).The members of the ASEAN, however, have followed a different track. Instead of forming free trade agreements as a bloc, each unmarried member of the ASEAN has began to forge free trade agreements with other countries such as Japan, South, Korea, the United States, and Australia (Razeen, 2006). Singapore is the most aggressive of these countries, having signed a free trade agreement with the GCC in 2009 (iAdvisory, 2009). However, the region has started talks as a bloc for free trade agreements with China, Australia New Zealand, and the GCC (China Embassy, 2004 Xinhua, 2008 Tradearabia, 2009).The ASEAN was formed in 1967 in Bangkok, Thailand through the subscribe of the ASEAN Declaration by the five founding members, namely Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia, Thailand and Singapore. It was later joined by Brunei Darussalam in 1984, Vietnam in 1995, Lao PDR and Myanmar in 1997, and finally, Cambodia in 1999. Thus, today ASEAN has ten member countries (ASEAN website).With the signing of the memorandum of agreement between the GCC and ASEAN for in 2009 (Tradearabia, 2009) and the adoption of the ASEAN-GCC Two-Year Action Plan in 2010, trade and f inance off-keyicials in these two regions are still on the verge of devising such an agreement that would be agreeable to all involved. The Joint Vision in 2009 built the economic partnership between the two regions on the following areas economic, cultural, scientific and social, and aims to promote people-to-people contacts. On the other hand, the two-year action plan expands its cooperation and collaboration along the areas of trade and investment, economic and growthal cooperation, education and training, culture and knowledge, and mutual consultation in international matters (ASEAN Secretariat, 2010).enquiry ObjectivesThe researchers believe that this paper would be quantifyly as it attempts to draw out workable key issues and concerns that the business enterprise might come up against in operating within the GCC. It is a fact that business organizations and companies are the driving forces behind trade. Thus, the point of view of these organizations will have to be consi dered for a free trade agreement to prosper.Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to identify achievable issues and concerns that should be addressed in order for a free trade agreement between the GCC and the ASEAN to be useful and beneficial for all signatory parties. Issues that could be significant for the government and other stakeholders, but are not of particular important to the business community (for example, labor and environmental issues), will not be considered.Expected OutcomeThrough this research, we hope to uncover key issues that are seen by businesses in both the ASEAN and the GCC as roadblocks to free trade between the two regions. We anticipate that lack of information about each others markets, and the convoluted regulatory policies of each region will be primary concerns. Also, the unification of standards for export products, particularly in the electronic sector may be another crucial issue. These concerns will be discussed in detail. The literature will a lso be consulted for possible solutions on how to address the issues. Such possible solutions will be incorporated in the conclusion and recommendations portion of the paper.Methods of ExaminationLiterature ReviewDue to quantify constraints, the researchers opted to use literature review as a method for identifying key issues and concerns in the GCC-ASEAN free trade agreement, particularly with regard to trade and other aspects that affect it such as cultural, political, and social environments, will be reviewed in order to identify possible issues and challenges that would be stumbling blocks to reaching a beneficial trade agreement.Research and statistical material on the effects of free trade agreements forged by GCC with other countries, regions, or trading blocs will also be examined to determine issues that have emerged, if any, in these free trade agreements. The same shall be made with regard to the agreements forged by the ASEAN and its member countries with other nations or trading blocs.Techniques and Strategies utiliseDescriptive analysis such as frequency counts, means, percentages and was used in describing the consolidated report about the identified key issues and concerns surround the GCC-ASEAN free trade agreement. These literature were gathered from published journals, immatures articles, magazine articles, e-zine and the like. The need to consolidate the information gathered from these materials are very important in order to submit a general picture of the key issues and concerns plaguing the business enterprise operating within the GCC-ASEAN free trade agreement. And, thus, inference can be drawn.From the consolidated report, a conceptual framework could be sufficiently drawn, providing a springboard for an intensive enterprise survey in order to assess the effectiveness of the GCC-ASEAN free trade. outline and FindingsThis section describes the literature review conducted by the researchers. In this review, variables under considera tion are scrutinized and discussed through intro of relevant articles focusing on a GCC-ASEAN partnership. The presentation begins with an overview of the GCC as potential target market, followed by a brief discussion of both formal and informal transaction costs in the international marketing scene as variables considered for a successful trading agreement. After which is an analysis of the foreign shoot investments (FDI) of the regions concerned so as to assess and somehow holler a successful trade agreement should the key issues and concerns be identified and addressed.The GCC Financial MarketThe Arab world is characterized by five attributes that have allowed it to benefit from the well-disposed international economic conditions. First, it owns the worlds largest deposits of energy. It has 58 per cent of all known raw oil reserves and 27 per cent of all proven natural hired gun reserves. (IMF Country Report, 2009). Second, the Arab world benefits greatly from international remittances. Ratha, Mohapatra and Silwal (2009) in the World Bank Migration and Development Brief 10, cited that the Arab world as a whole again benefited more than other world regions when international remittances quadrupled in 2000-2008. Third, Arab countries have benefited from the global boom in tourism during 2002-2008. Fourth, Arab countries accumulate a lions share of total global development assistance (World Bank, 2009). Fifth, Arab countries accumulated substantial foreign assets of more than US$2500 per inhabitant in 2006 (IMF, 2009).In a study conducted by Zarrouk (2001) entitled A contemplate of Barriers to Trade and Investment in Arab Countries wherein a total of 230 companies, which represent the manufacturing and service sectors of Egypt, Gaza-West Bank, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia and the UAE, it was revealed that the trading barriers are most intensive in Gaza-West Bank with a mean of 2.0, followed by Syria (mean = 2.1), Egypt (mean = 2/41), T unisia (mean = 2.43) and Saudi Arabia (mean = 2.8). Zarrouk (2001) describes the mean form from a scale of 1 (extremely problematic) to 4 (not problematic) (please refer to the table adapted from Zarrouk, 2001).From the result of the study of Zarrouk (2010) it can be inferred that Saudi Arabia figured as a country, wherein an FTA might prove challenging. As to the areas or indicators of what might these trade barriers be. Zarrouk (2010) identified these barriers. First, his study revealed thatSaudi has visa restrictions for business visitsThere exists local agency laws which allows Saudi nationals only to register for business and to be an agent of a foreign companySaudi impost are biased on Arab-made products but are more lenient to Asian, North American, and European productsOn the subject of transaction costs, Zarrouk (2010) business enterprises were interviewed as to whether these were not costly (value of 1) to prohibitive (value of 4). It was found out that customs duties an d other import charges (mean score of 3.0) ranked first followed by domestic taxes (mean score of 2.6), customs clearance (mean score of 2.5), public sector corruption (mean score of 2.4), inspection/conformity certification (mean score of 2.2), transshipment regulatory measures (mean score of 2.1), and business visa restrictions (mean score of 1.8). Please see table below (adapted from Zarrouk, 2001).When the companies were interviewed about the most restrictive constraints to trade and investment, the study revealed that a primary obstacle is the weak legal system that fail to ensure that the terms of business asks are honored (Zarrouk, 2001 Abdel-latif, 1992). Second in rank is the restrictive local agency law granting business permits only to nationals. In a similar vein, Newquist (1994) hints in his article for Computer World entitled Breaking a Barrier to Trade that cultural values do a role in trade and investment. For instance, he said that ethnocentricity weakens trade. In a free trade agreement wherein foreign nationals are invited to invest in the region, this factor would have a very negative effect thence. Third in rank as most restrictive is that foreign nationals are banned ownership of real estate. This means that foreign investors have less opportunities of staying longer in Arab countries, thus, the cost of transferring to and fro their home country would be quite expensive. In relation to this, Arab countries also puts limits on foreign ownership of equities thus this would mean a slow expansion and growth of businesses. Sadly, corruption, bureaucracy and bad governance also figures in the trade barriers identified by Zarrouk (2001). Meanwhile, less transparent and complex tax systems and para-tariffs were also included in the list of most restrictive barriers.The GCC has been engaging in trade agreements with countries other than the ASEAN. For instance, they also have a free trade agreement with the EU, the NAFTA, the WTO, and GAFTA in as much as it enjoys bilateral trade dealings with a host of other countries as Japan, South Korea, China, Singapore and its neighboring Arab countries.Zarrouk (2001) also attempted to interview the business enterprises with regard to the free trade agreements signed by their respective governments. It was revealed in the study (Zarrouk, 2001) that among the trade barriers to a companys growth according to the respondent companies areThere is a lack of clear-cut druthers with regards to free trade agreement benefits given to the business enterprisesGovernment agencies do not make enough effort to inform the public about the benefits of the agreements challenger from Asian countries is much stronger, offsetting the benefits of the agreementsImplementation problemsPartner countries do not commit to terms and conditions of the agreementsArticles of some agreements are left to the interpretation of customs officialsTrade agreements do not reduce the numerous administrative procedures , paperwork and red tapeImplementation of certain articles of the agreements is not reciprocalTransportation between Arab countries is inadequate.Considering these results of the study of Zarrouk (2001) with specific name and address effective free trade barrier which states that Competition from Asian countries is much stronger, offsetting the benefits of the agreements a free trade agreement between the GCC and the ASEAN is highly workable. This is backed up by a shared trading history that have been shared by both regions (Press Trust India, 2010 The Malaysian National News, 2010 Reuters, 2010).Transaction CostsIn Economics, a transaction cost is cost associated with exchange of goods or services and incurred in overcoming market imperfections (BusinessDictionary.com). Also known as frictional costs, these are fees and charges omissible to buying, selling, and trading which includes transportation costs, legal fees, communications charges, and even opportunity costs in taking u p time and energy in putting up a business venture.As cited by Abdel-Latif (1992), transaction costs cover a wide range of transactions from the conceptualization of putting up an investment until the actual running of the business itself.Generally, transaction costs includethe costs of obtaining information about market conditions in any given foreign market (the quantities and qualities desired and the prices prevailing for each different quality) and the reciprocal costs for agents in foreign countriesthe costs of information about government regulations and other policies in both foreign and home markets (including exchange rate policy, exchange restrictions, tariff and non-tariff barriers, and health and environmental regulations)the costs to each potential party of identifying appropriate trading partners in these marketsthe costs of negotiating, writing, and enforcing contracts and resolving disputes between the parties andthe costs of financing the transaction, which general ly involves a long lag between placing an export order and making final wages for it, and of bearing the risks of default throughout the process.Abdel-Latif (1992) further corroborates that these transactions costs are affected by several factors which includesdifferences in language, culture and taste, laws and dispute resolution procedures, income and information sources, the modus operandi of markets, and the extent and character of competition,difficulties of enforcing contracts across countries, and hence the higher risks of payment default.However, these factors are dynamic and changes over time along with the changes in organizational structure, advent of new policies and regulations, use of technology in communications, transportation, and other aspects of the dynamic societal structure whether environmental, socioeconomic, political or cultural. Other factors which may give rise to transaction costs are what is known as asymmetry of information which is elemental to any bu siness traffichip.For example, at the level of the rules and regulations, countries may want conditions to look different than they rattling are or may be unwilling to enforce existing laws. Likewise, the agents responsible for implementing the rules may have little incentive to do so and indeed may have the incentive to leave the interpretation of these rules sufficiently ambiguous so as to generate rents for themselves. Even more relevant and important, each potential trading partner has better information about his own characteristics and propensities (appropriate to defining the terms of the contract) than does the other party, inducing adverse self-selection for any given terms. (Abdel-Latif, 2001)Theoretically, any contract between trading partners details enough fine points for a working partnership to thrive. However, in reality, the details of these contractswhich includes threshing out possible roadblocks as well as scrutinizing everything takes up a lot of time and disc ussions, and most often ends in stalemate. Thus, the costs of drawing up a very detailed and encyclopaedic trading pact whose interpretation is transparent and accurate are quite expensive. Moreover, there is a time lag in having these agreements move to and fro the business partners and, thus, there is a likelihood of it being exposed to risks as moral hazards and resorting to shortcut methods in order to get through a deal.Transaction costs in the communications and in dispensing information are exposed to a host of other factors like insufficient insurance systems to keep the transactions private in order to protect the enterprise practices, the non-existence of competitive markets who should have been able to provide services such as that in information and enforcement costs for the reason that there already exists a specified role for an intermediary providing the aforementioned services. Thus, the scenario is that there is a monopoly of the services and upon which the governm ent base its trade intervention and other regulations. at one time a business enterprise engages itself in a contract it exposes itself to risks. Hence, after engaging in a contract both parties would naturally protect itself from these purported risks by seeking insurance. Moreover, when the company seeks this insurance it presents itself to an asymmetry of information wherein both parties fall into excessive negotiation costs as well as lags in time which further results to attempt a moral hazard and become opportunistic (Abdel-Latif, 1992).The upside of this is that the degree and magnitude of these problems in transaction costs depends on the conspicuous features of the business in the region, on the regions conducting trade and investment itself, the companies or enterprise involved in the transaction, and even the socio-political and environmental conditions itself. Furthermore, the enterprise itself may just well revive itself and find its own innovative solutions to get ove r these problems (Abdel-Latif, 1992).Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)Foreign direct investment or FDI refers to any form of investment that earns interest in enterprises which functions outside the domestic territory of the investor (Graham Spaulding, 2010). An FDI calls for a business partnership between a parent company and its foreign subsidiary. The strawman of multinational companies concretizes a foreign direct investment. There are two categories of FDIs, inward FDIs and outward FDIs, which depends on the kinds of restrictions the government requires business enterprises to follow. Outward FDIs are direct investments abroad, which requires tax incentives and/or disincentives, and which the government tries to guard from probable risks of any form (Graham Spaulding, 2010).Aside from the classification, a foreign direct investment is motivated by a lucrative market, presence of resources, and efficiency in operating a business in the region (Graham Spaulding, 2010). In any c ase, a successful free trade agreement between regions base most of its terms and conditions in these three motives. These three motivations are already present in a partnership with GCC and ASEAN. As it is, both regions are said to be complementing each other in the sense that ASEAN countries have a need for the oil industry of the GCC and the GCC countries have a need for the resources, particularly the agricultural sector, for itself.With the advent of new technology developments, more and more companies have been establishing foreign direct investments (Spaulding Graham, 2010). This is partly because communications as well as transportation costs have decidedly become cheaper as compared in the past (Graham Spaulding, 2010). UNCTAD reports that there is an increase in the yearly FDI flow from an ordinary of $10 jillion dollars to $20 billion within a decade (from 1970s to 1980s). This growth further hit the roof from $26.7 billion in 1990 to $179 billion in 1998. The amount doubled to $208 billion in 1999. At present, FDIs comprise a bulky portion of global businesses.Satsuya (2009) revealed in his article that among the issues that hinder foreign direct investments, particularly in Malaysia and Thailand, runs parallel with foreign ownership of companies. In the telecommunications sector, dispersion and commercial banking, foreign ownership is narrowed to 30 percent. Malaysia limits foreign ownership to industries that have to do with financial industries to 49 percent while foreign banks are only permitted to set up one other branch with a limited number of personnel.But these limitations are not only true with the ASEAN countries like Malaysia and Thailand. Some of the GCC members, like the Saudi Arabia, also imposes its limitations of foreign ownership of real estate and equities. In fact, this corroborates with the study of Zarrouk (2001) wherein he says that Saudi Arabia ranks among those with severe restrictions on foreign ownership in the count ry. On the other hand, in Bahrain, foreign distribution services could well put up several distribution branches in the country but they are not allowed to participate in direct commercial sales like wholesale and retail. Though the UAE is more friendly to foreign investors offering 100 percent ownership in free trade zones, such as Abu Dhabi, it limits foreign ownership to 49 percent outside the free trade zones. Thus, foreign industry expansions are still limited. Meanwhile, the telecommunications sector remain off limits to foreign ownership as well as the granting of licenses to any foreign bank to operate as a full-fledged financial institution.Key Issues and Concerns set by Independent PapersAlong the domestic spheres, Sasuya (2009) identified these factors which the government enforces in order to safeguard most of its defunct local commerce, and thereby lend to the evolution of trade and investment in the region. Some of these measures involve dependence on subsidies, setti ng up of importation quotas and exacting high taxes on imports. By so doing, while the GCC and ASEAN regions inadvertently protects its industries from trade it also prevents foreign investments from entering the picture (Sasuya, 2009). In the same manner, it is because of these trade defensive measures that there are deadlocks on negotiations such as a free trade agreement which generally banks in reducing tariffs on imports. For instance, when Japan and South Korea started negotiating a free trade agreement with Thailand, Malaysia and the Philippines, angst rose from the terms regarding its agricultural tariffs and issues arising from full-ownership of an agricultural company of a foreign national also emerged, especially from the Thai end. According to the Commerce look Somkid Jatusripitak, who was also its Deputy Prime Minister, their refusal to bring down tariff on rice imports is due to the fact that 70 percent of the Thais are rice farmers (Satsuya, 2009). In Malaysia, this barrier is much more extensive. With the Malaysian government instigating its Bumiputera development policy, which operates in favor of the ethnic Malay majority who incidentally belong to borderline economy, thereby affecting not only trade but the flow of foreign direct investments. Thus, by refusing to reduce tariffs on rice imports the government is actually defend its constituents but is, in a way, increasing the transaction costs incurred by this particular deadlock.In the manufacturing sector, high tariffs also act as trade barriers. In Malaysia for instance, automobile imports have high taxes to protect its local automobile industry, Proton. Even if the Thais do not manufacture any automobiles, the country is sponsoring the industry as part of its industrialization scheme in which they envision becoming an auto manufacturing center. Meanwhile, the textile industry is also shielded in the sense that it imposes 20-30 percent tax on all imports (Satsuya, 2009).There exists a s tatistical relationship between trade influx and political climate. According to Bergeijk (1992) a country with good diplomatic relations also increases its chances of getting bilateral business trades as well as drawing in foreign investors. However, the researcher also warns not to put withal much emphasis on this variable as it has less contribution than other economic variables. Nevertheless, the fact that it contributes some amount of influence on the way companies conduct their business should not be discarded.Aside from political and diplomatic relations, a separate study finds that environmental constraints in the form of policies of the region also act as a trade barrier (Kohn, 2003). For instance, if and when a foreign investor should want to import a product which proves to be more polluting than the existing domestic product, the company woul

Philosophical Basis Of Occupational Therapy

Philosophical Basis Of affairal TherapyThis paper aims to explore the defining of occupational therapy together with its philosophical initiation, discussing the kinship between the philosophy of occupational therapy and hope, including the role of the College of Occupational Therapists (COT) and the Health Professions Council (HPC). This paper is going to be structured in essay form, beginning with a countersign of renderings of occupational therapy and the ontogenesis of occupational therapy as a traffic. Also discussed will be the roles of the COT and HPC with regards to occupational therapy acquaintance and practice. The HPC is the regulating body of occupational therapists, as well as fourteen other health jobs such(prenominal) as speech and language therapists, biomedical scientists and practitioner psychologists. The HPCs primary affaire is to protect the earthly concern by dictating standards which the health professions must meet in both their training and pract ice (HPC, 2010a). The COT ( besides referred to as the British Association of Occupational Therapists or BAOT) is the master key body for occupational therapists and occupational therapy assistants in the United Kingdom (COT, 2010b).It is important to define occupational therapy and have a broad knowledge ab reveal the profession as there has been a lot of role blurring and ambiguity with other health professions such as physiotherapists (De Wit et al 2006) particularly since occupational therapy gained vex in the ara of psychosocial rehabilitation in the late 1980s/early 1990s (Sderback, 2009). This role blurring means occupational therapy as a profession is in danger of being seen as surplus to health authority requirements. With the current economic climate in a state of un authorizedty it has been reported that the regime plans to cut funding to the National Health Service by 20bn (Borland, 2010). If frontline staff atomic number 18 being cut, eachied health victors who cigarettenot justify and defend their profession are at risk of being seen as expendable. Alternatively, role blurring can also mean occupational therapists are at risk of being utilised as more than one profession, for example a social worker (Holosko Taylor, 2006). The COT website clearly states the need for its members acting as ambassadors of the profession (COT, 2010b) implying the need for justification of occupational therapy is widely felt.This role blurring and ambiguity could be seen as both a ca habituate and effect of the profession lacking a single, clear definition from which each bodies can explain occupational therapy. A single definition that encompassed all merits of the profession could give a clear justification of what therapists do and could be harbor to support their practice. However, there are many different definitions and newly qualified occupational therapists find it hard to explain to carers what their profession involves (Williams Richards, 2010). The COT itself changes the definition it releases all over the years. The current BAOT definition encompasses the ideas of health and wellbeing obtained by dint of occupation (COT, 2010a). This COT definition has no mention of occupations being meaningful or purposeful which is a core concept in occupational therapy. The idea of giving people meaningless tasks is outdated in advanced theories so this definition has limitations. The COT (2009a) released a much broader definition which encompasses a lot more of the theory of occupational therapy and more of the basis in which it is rooted. However, the terms used in this definition are very specific to occupational therapy and if someone outside of the profession were to read it, many of the terms would read as jargon, rendering the definition incomprehensible. On a confirmatory note, this definition does mention fulfilling a persons potential and their quality of life which is an idea central to the philosophy of occupational th erapy which many other definitions omit. The Committee of Occupational Therapy for the European Committees (1990) definition talks predominantly of preventing disability and promoting independent function. Even though this definition is fairly broad and encompassing, these two terms rule out a certain number of clients that an occupational therapist could work with. This definition implies that only people whose disability can be prevented and people with the potential to function independently would be assisted by occupational therapy. However this is not the case, occupational therapy has been applied to many areas of severe disabilities such as advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection (Parutti et al, 2007).Other definitions incorporate ideas of competency and satisfaction (Knecht-Sabres, 2010) analyzing qualities of activities (Larson Von Eye, 2010) and everyday activities and subjective and objective aspects of performance (AOTA, 2002). So with so many differing ideas ab out what should be in a definition of occupational therapy, what important points should a good definition cover? Reed Sanderson (1999) outlined the criteria a definition should meet in modern occupational therapy. These included the unique feature of occupational therapy, major goals, outcomes, the population served, a summary of the service programmes and the process in which the service is delivered (Reed Sanderson, 1999, pp. 6).One reasonableness occupational therapy may be laborious to define as a profession worldwide is due to the cultural differences. Occupational therapy is important in certain life aspects to a particular population and this may not be generalisable. For example, in Belgium the Fdration Nationale Belge des Ergothrapeutes (FNBE) has a definition which focuses in part on professional occupation, as well as activities of daily living and leisure (FNBE 2010). The Bangladesh Occupational Therapy Association (BOTA) incorporates the ideas of therapeutic exerci se, special equipment and special skills training into its definition (BOTA, 2010). The Occupational Therapy Africa Regional Group (OTARG) is largely concentrate on the rehabilitation of disabled people in Africa (OTARG, 2010) that has recognised the need to apply culturally correct interventions to their clients dependent on what that specific region requires as many of the countries that are part of OTARG are poverty-stricken and there is a satisfying lack of resources available (Crouch, 2010). These cultural differences are indicative of the breadth to which occupational therapy can be used yet how it can grass finding a single definition for the profession mulishly impossible to pin d admit.Finding a definition that utilises all of the concepts subjective in occupational therapy is also difficult due to the fact that the profession is ever changing and evolving. George Barton encapsulated one of the earliest definitions of occupational therapy in its historyOT is the scien ce of instructing and encouraging the sick in such labours as will involve those energies and activities producing a beneficial therapeutic effect. (Barton, 1919, pp.62)Although this definition was over eighty years ago, much of what was in this definition is still applicable to occupational therapy today, however the profession has been through some major transitions since. The foundations were grounded in a number of historical influences such as the arts and crafts movement, the influence of the Quakers and the intellectual hygiene movement, amongst others (Reed Sanderson, 1999). One of the most influential however was the moral treatment movement, borne out of the humanistic skirt of reference which introduced the concept of work having a positive effect on health (Sderback, 2009). The first paradigm of occupational therapy reapplied the moral treatment ideals in caring for ill and disabled people. The core beliefs of this paradigm focused on the occupational nature of human beings and the interrelationships between the body, mind and environment (Kielhofner, 2009). Some of the core skills and processes of occupational therapy that are used today could have been inherent in the profession since the very first paradigm such as using activities as therapeutic interventions and assessments of the occupational performance of clients (COT, 2009b). In the late mid-forties occupational therapy was swept into reductionist ideals and a need for a theoretical rationale. This new paradigm is referred to as the mechanical paradigm and using the biomedical frame of reference focused largely on what could be measured quantitatively and scientifically, particularly with the systems in the body, the neuromotor control and muscuoskeletal performance (Kielhofner, 2009). Some core skills of occupational therapy are rooted in the main ideas of the mechanistic paradigm such as enablement and environmental adaptations (COT, 2009b). Certain stages of the process of occupat ional therapy could have been developed through the beliefs of the mechanistic paradigm too, in particular the assessment stage which involves assessing clients strengths, weaknesses, environments and support systems. Another stage which could be linked to the mechanistic paradigm is the intervention stage. This involves agreeable in activities that have been analysed, graded and sequenced (Larson Von Eye, 2010) which is also a quantitative and reductionist ideal. The scientific aspect of the paradigm did better establish the profession with the humanity compact of Occupational Therapists being inaugurated in Stockholm in 1952 (Sderback, 2009). The mechanistic paradigm, however, at sea sight of the origins of occupational therapy that occupation was central to the profession and that engagement in occupation can be beneficial to health and wellbeing. Mary Reilly, a fundamental figure in the profession in 1962 gave a seminal lecture and definition that was to change the outlook of the profession once againMan, through the use of his hands, as they are energised by his mind and will, can influence the state of his own health. (Reilly, 1962, pp. 2)This direct quote encapsulates the change that ended the mechanistic paradigm of occupational therapy and recognised the need to return occupation to the centre of occupational therapy (Molineux, 2004). Following the mechanistic paradigm, a new paradigm emerged which Kielhofner (2009) coined the contemporary paradigm. This paradigm is that in which occupational therapy is practiced today. This focuses on the belief that occupation is central to health and wellbeing and the profession should focus on occupational needs and how neuromotor and musculoskeletal limitations affect a clients occupational performance, as opposed to what the limitations are. This paradigm focuses on the interrelationships between a person, their environment and their occupation (Kielhofner, 2009). There are, however, some new ideas that wer e not inherent in the original paradigm such as the client-centred frame of reference and the use of client-centred practice. In 1919, Barton wrote that the patient cannot be trusted to select his own occupation (Barton, 1919, pp. 20). In the contemporary paradigm, client-centred practice defines the client as having more of a pick and more power in the client-therapist relationship (Sumsion, 2006) and Bartons ideas would not be acceptable. There are three main roles that have been identified as important for occupational therapists the therapeutic role, the consulting role and the team member role (Sderback, 2009). These roles are fairly modern ideas that are borne out of the beliefs of the latest paradigm.The COT became a member of the World Federation of Occupational Therapists in 1952 (WFOT, 2010) when it was first set up during the mechanistic paradigm. The role of the COT is to set professional guidelines which occupational therapists and students must adhere to in practice, with regards to service user welfare, provision of the service, personal and professional integrity, competence, unceasing professional development and developing the evidence base of the profession (COT, 2010a). The HPC state they protect the existence by having professional standards and guidelines that must be met by the professions that they govern (HPC, 2010a). They have a register of all of their health professionals which members of the public can check to make sure any professional working with them is registered, qualified and competent (HPC, 2010b). The HPC also deals with all disciplinary matters and has three different committees for dealing with fitness to practise hearings with registered professionals the adopt and competence committee, the health committee and the investigating committee (HPC 2010c). As well as protecting the public against incompetent practitioners, the guidelines put in place could also be to protect the profession against scrutiny or disrepute . The COT and HPC are an integral part of practising as an occupational therapist and students are tind with their own write of the COT Code of morality and Professional Conduct to read and digest. However, a big problem of the students of occupational therapy and other professions once qualified is the theory/practice divide a student can have all the theoretical knowledge needed just lack the ability to effectively apply that knowledge to practice. Core areas in occupational therapy that are limited due to a lack of practice experience include client-centred care, enhanced clinical reasoning skills, the development and use of a therapeutic relationship and a deep appreciation of the person, environment and occupation impact (Knecht-Sabres, 2010). It may be said that this lack of practical experience is due to the strict guidelines of education in the COT. A large body of knowledge has to be understood in order to qualify and register as an occupational therapist. However the C OT also have guidelines about how much clinical experience a student needs before they can qualify so they do recognise the need for practice-based learning and incorporate it as much as possible. Once qualified, the COT and HPC guidelines on continual professional development state that a registrant must continue learning and be up to date with policy, guidelines and research. This aims to ensure that practices do not become outdated which would draw out the divide between core theory and practice. The Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct (COT, 2010a) being handed out to all students and professionals is a good basis for students to start from before their practice placements, yet it may be hard to practically apply what is in the Code until it is ingrained in ones knowledge of how to apply it in practice. One way suggested in which to bridge the theory and practice divide whilst learning in an institution with limited clinical experience is a good use of reflective practice. R eflecting in action during an intervention as well as reflecting on action (Schn, 1983) can enhance advanced clinical reasoning skills which would help bridge the divide (Knecht-Sabres, 2010).In conclusion, occupational therapy is a valid and important practice when used in accordance of the Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct and the HPC guidelines. These guidelines are in place to safeguard clients and also the therapists themselves against practicing at an incompetent standard. These guidelines make it possible to further, justify and develop the profession and provide a definition or definitions in which to explain occupational therapy. There are, however, a large amount of standards to consider which one can read but will not become ingrained unless returned to repeatedly or learned and used in context. The true benefit of occupational therapy can get lost amongst the standards and guidelines as they can lead to a lack of clinical experience, a lack of reflecting in-action and perhaps issues of client-centred practice. One example is if a client wants to work on their planned interventions late but it would interrupt with record-keeping due to time restrictions a therapist would have to refuse as record-keeping is an important part of COT guidelines, but this would not be strictly client-centred practice. Also a clients idea of a good quality of life may be different to that of the COT and HPC and it is the obligation of the therapist to set out guidelines of what is acceptable, regardless of client choice. The profession, as shown in this paper is also ever-evolving and developing. It could be difficult to abide by the standards if the standards themselves are ever-changing. This is where continual professional development is a beneficial practice in overcoming this issue. The COT also sends out free copies of the British Journal of Occupational Therapy and the OT News, enabling all members to keep up to date with modern ideas and research.

Anne Frank Essays -- essays research papers

Jews clear perished because of their beliefs since the beginning of time but never view as so many Jews been persecuted worldwide as they were in World War II. Anne Franks diary reaches a place within all of our hearts because it reminds us how easily the innocents can suffer. Sometimes we may choose to close our eyes or look the other way when unjustifiable things happen in our social club and Annes tale reminds us that ignorance, in part, claimed her life. Sadly, her story is but one of many of those who died in the Holocaust and as with other Jews, her fate was determined by the country she lived in, her sex and her age. Jews all over Europe feared for their lives and many were aware that the punishment for their religion depended on the country they were fortunate, or unfortunate, enough to live in. Hitler non only held parti pris against Jews, homosexuals, gypsies and those who harboured any of the above, but also held firm convictions that some countries citizens were fit to die, no matter their religion. No one was hit harder by this prejudice as was Poland. Hitler hated all Polish citizens and hated Polish Jews even more. In Warsaw, Jews were confined to a blocked off area which came to be cognise as the Warsaw Ghetto. Many of these Jews never saw outside the Ghetto again and for those who did it was only en route to a concentration camp or outwear prison. Food rations inside the Ghetto were very low and though many outsiders smuggled food in, there was not nearly enough to keep everyone alive. Many died of starvation or died due to illness they had contracted because their bodies had grown so weak. Throughout the war, Sweden remained neutral and many Jews from neighbouring countries were smuggled in. Nazi police soon realized that they had to assure ways to prevent this from happening and turned to the animal world. Dogs were trained to detect the scent of humans and soon, all boats leaving for Sweden were searched to detect any Jews that were hiding in basement compartments. Most Jews were discovered before they could escape and this discouraged many more from attempting to do the same. Jews that were apprehended were not treated much differently by the Nazis but the Jews left behind received the brunt of the their anger. Danish Jews in particular were often accused of planning to escape because of their proximity to Sweden. There are stories of unconditioned ... ...opted children. When the war ended, many children did not return to their biological families because they were so young when they were stolen that they didnt know the truth. Many that could remember were too scared to leave or feared that their parents had already been killed. Children were trained to lie without understanding why and the lies caused them to lose the ability to separate reality from fiction. Children should never have been forced to deal with so much, so quickly. They were robbed of a real childhood when they should have been encouraged t o explore their surroundings. The youth, like Anne, who grew up in World War II were tainted by these events and have undergone much more trauma than most of us can even imagine. The Holocaust will forever remain one of the most horrific events in history and it is important to remember that there were many different endings for the many different Jews affected. It should not have mattered where the Jews lived, how old they were or the sex they were, none of them should have been persecuted in the first place. Reflecting on the tragic events of the war, all we can do is make sure that these horrific things never happen again.

Rock n Roll :: essays research papers

     rock-and-roll n flip has never just been music. Heavy metal, daily round &type A Blues, Art jar, New Wave, and the rest may be primary styles or genres but as sub-categories of rock, or rockin roll they do not cumulatively add up to the whole. Rock n Roll is a movement, a lifestyle, in many ways a belief system and all that Rock n Roll is today it owes to history two years, no more than three when the fabric of American popular culture was torn apart and rewoven, and a new era explosively began.     Rock n Roll started with slavery. To understand we must understand what slavery was and where it left the sons and daughters of African who knew nothing of European rods of American culture. Every society has its indigenous music, which serves as entertainment, story teller, and accompaniment to Ritual and Ceremony. It is not nearly sufficient to identify black musical heritage from slave work songs through Rag Time, Blues, Jazz, Gospel, R &B, and the like, and simple extrapolate the line further to encompass Rock n Roll.      Rock n Roll starts from these foundations, but adds more, and what it principally add is white America, both in music and in the audience. White America slowly discovered endearing, inspiring, musical heritage that had run central to African Americans lives, and establishing a tradition that is protected this day, began to imitate and adapt black music. Thus this hub rid forms arrived at one time or another, Rock n Roll has incorporated Country and Western, Swing, Classical, Big Band, Folk, and even Tin Pan Alley musical elements, just as it has incorporated Blues, R&B. It would be wrong, therefore, to claim that Rock n Roll is an inherently black music, although clearly without the presence of although clearly without the presence of African

The Racism in Othello Essays -- Othello essays Shakespeare

The Racism in Othello Throughout the duration of Shakespeares tragedy, Othello, thither is a steady stream of racism. It is originating from not one, but rather several characters in the play. In the opening scene, while Iago is expressing his dislike, rather hatred, for the general Othello for his having chosen Michael Cassio for the lieutenancy, he contrives a plan to partially avenge himself (I follow him to serve my turn upon him), with Roderigos assistance, by alerting Desdemonas father, Brabantio, to the fact of his daughters elopement with Othello. Roderigo shares Iagos prejudiced attitude toward Othello What a full fortune does the thicklips owe / If he can carryt thus The word thicklips is a disparaging reference to a facial characteristic of many members of the black race. When, by loud shouting, Brabantio is awakened, Iago commences with a series of racial epithets Zounds, sir, youre robbd for shame, put on your gown Your heart is burst, you have befuddled half your soul Even now, now, very now, an old black ram Is topping your white ewe. Arise, arise Awake the snorting citizens with the bell, Or else the remonstrate leave behind make a grandsire of you Arise, I say. (1.1) The phrase old black ram and the word devil both make reference in an offensive agency to dark skin color. The allusion to white ewe has the effect of putting Othellos darkness into sharp contrast. A few lines later Iago once again turns his invective amply on Othello with three stinging racial epithets Zounds, sir, you are one of those that will not serve God, if the devil bid you. Because we come to do you service ... ... the blacker devil OTHELLO. She turnd to folly, and she was a whore. EMILIA. Thou dost belie her, and thou art a devil (5.2) Following Iagos murder of Emilia, he is captured Lodovico addresses Othello, who is so dejected at having been deceived by his ancient O thou Othello, thou wert once so good, Falln in the practise of a damned bu ckle down, What shall be said to thee? (5.2) Needless to say, damned slave has racial overtones. Shortly thereafter, the hero, in remorse for the tragic mistake he has made, stabs himself and dies on the bed next to his wife, his sorrow being as deep as his love. WORKS CITED Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http//www.eiu.edu/multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.

Homosexuality in Robert Louis Stevenson The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde :: Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Essays

References to Homosexuality in Stevensons Jekl and HydeStevensons choice of certain words in the saucy is extremely pertinent to a homoerotic reading of the text. In some niminy-piminy circles (and most certainly not in others), certain words had very explicit homosexual connotations.The word homosexual seems to have come into the English language around 1869, introduced by a Hungarian named Benkert but not slackly used by the British until the 1880s. Yet, according to Theo Aronson, there were other words used at that time to identify the love between the same gender. Homogenic love, similisexualism, and Uranism were manifestly among the more common references to homosexuality. Within the novel, however, the word homosexual is never used. If it were, perhaps, then such a homoerotic interpretation as this would be redundant. There are, however, certain, instead ambiguous, words that Stevenson uses that have Victorian homosexual connotations.During their walk together, Utterson a nd Enfield come across the home of Edward Hyde. After relating his story about Hyde, Enfield refers to the place as Black chain mail House (8).When asked if he ever inquired about the man who lived therein, Enfield replies, No sir, I make it a rule of mine the more it looks like Queer Street, the little I ask (9).Both of these references to Hydes home are more direct references to Hyde himself, made by a man who, at least publicly, must have sex the distinction between himself and the man who lives in Soho. Poole also makes a reference to Hydes homosexuality Then you must know as well as the eternal sleep of us that there was something queer about that gentleman - something that gave a man a turn. . . (57). During the 19th century, of course, homosexuality was acknowledged by heterosexuals (particularly of the upper classes) as an animated activity among the lower classes - an activity that thrived in Londons own East End. Those who were thought to be homosexuals were often b lackmailed. With the Labouchere Amendment in 1885, homosexuals faced a greater threat of pictorial matter through blackmail. In fact, the threat of exposure as a sodomite is the basis of more than half of the prosecutions throughout the eighteenth century (Jekyll & Hyde, par. 8). Other Victorian writers, like Oscar Wilde, faced this threat, which often damaged their reputations if the affair ever made it to a court. Enfields reference to Queer Street also denotes a homosexual connotation.